found this article on the web. It's very, very interesting!
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"Evil is what comes out of the man's mouth" read in the Gospel and despite being very unfriendly to religious interpretations in this post I sense a clear warning about the care of the words we use not a matter of formality or education, but as a therapeutic aim. Insulting or derogatory words have never created a better future. The use of aggressive expressions, like evil thoughts is extremely dangerous and risky, kills our life locked in a cycle of failure and frustration that is enhanced through the contemptuous treatment of one sector of society. If you think that the word prostitute is derogatory replace it with " person who works with sexual energy" , and if you feel that the word poor grow your vanity is better that you refer to them as "most needy" , and This recycling of language can refer to prisoners as "those who are being educated" or our enemies "those who do not love us" or evil as "those who still are not good" . Beyond 
Sunday, June 27, 2010
American Eagle Gift Card Generator
The power of the word
found this article on the web. It's very, very interesting!
found this article on the web. It's very, very interesting!
Hello everyone!
Azaharys
Wednesday, June 16, 2010
Skateboard Blueprints
Renaissance: G. Bruno, Copernicus and Galileo
Ptolemaic planetary system, accepted as official by the Church until the seventeenth century
Ptolemaic planetary system, accepted as official by the Church until the seventeenth century In the period we have been busy these last few chapters have been considering the so-called Renaissance period in which science gradually going away and away from the religion and that until that time had almost shared professorship at universities. However, there were some scientists from that era noted for his religious opinions, was far from the case of Roger Bacon, held at the time of Thomas Aquinas. One inventor, theologian, and eminent scientist was silenced by the power of the Church of his time. But during the Renaissance, yet the power of Christianity is responsible for silencing some of the scientists to scientific discovery or theological those exposed, one of the most dramatic cases was that of physician, discoverer of blood circulation, Miguel Servet, who was cruelly martyred by refuting the doctrine of the Trinity.
There was another dramatic case also, the Neapolitan astronomer Giordano Bruno, who around 1566, while being trained to become a priest was accused of rejecting images in worship, shortly after having been in Geneva in 1572 abandoned the habits of his approach to Calvinism.
Giordano Bruno, the martyr for claiming among other things, the possible existence of other planetary systems.
Although also had problems with Calvin, who critics say that he had committed at least 20 errors of biblical interpretation. He was tried and imprisoned for up to recant later abandoned Calvinism find not according to intellectual freedom. Later, he taught at the University of Oxford, there and insisted publications against the earth was the center of the universe, defying an acceptance from the time of Aristotle, stated that the universe was infinite and composed of many worlds, similar to the solar system, indeed in 1584 wrote a treatise on the issue that title: Infine University e mondi ito.
Despite their ideological disputes, its reputation as scholar and broadcaster, poet and philosopher, he used to be known by many major universities. Traveled to various European countries as a lecturer at various universities and giving lectures and writing papers on cosmology, physics, magic and memory. At that time, came to Lutheranism, which looked less intransigent than Calvinism, but also struggled, as he began to exhibit a utopian idea of \u200b\u200bthe possibility of peaceful coexistence of different religions, that in full Catholic-Protestant conflict was not well accepted in Germany which earned him another ban, now the Lutheran Church.
In 1591 he wrote his book " On the Immense and Innumerable ", which again was the subject of the possible existence of other worlds like ours in other solar systems. Apart from this, he believed that the universe is infinite, that God is the soul of the universe and that material things are manifestations of a single principle infinite. He was invited to a Venetian nobleman, Giovanni Moncenigo, who having read his book on the art of memory, I wanted to inquire more than Neapolitan philosopher. It was erected in his private tutor and supporter and helped him to publish many of his writings, so Bruno returned to Italy. In 1592, however, Moncenigo betrayed him for some ideas about magic, which Bruno defended. So without thinking twice, denounced Bruno to the Inquisition who accused him of heresy.
So it was Giordano Bruno in 1592 was brought before the Roman authorities and jailed for over eight years while preparing a process where he was accused of blasphemy, immoral conduct and a heretic. Bruno did not accept such accusations and refused to recant, in a trial led by Romulus Bellarmine, bishop, cardinal inquisitor and the Society of Jesus, the February 8, 1600 was read the sentence where he was declared heretical, unrepentant, stubborn and stubborn. It is said that led to the following sentence to which he judged, "but ye tremble to announce this decision than I receive." He was expelled from the Church and his works were burned in the public square.
Before being executed at the stake a monk gave him a crucifix to kiss him, but Bruno refused, saying he would die as a martyr and his rise with the fire soul to paradise, thus dying a religious freethinker who believed in freedom of religious choice, was burned on a pyre erected in Campo dei Fiori on 17 February 1600.
But if there is an even more remembered by history, this is Galileo Galilei, who was unfairly forced to recant and ostracized. But in reality the case of Galileo, it is somewhat surprising, then was sentenced to assert and defend the earth was the center of the universe and that moved around the sun like other planets in a system.
say strange, because only years earlier had killed another astronomer that was the one who really raised the heliocentric theory, a few decades ago, Nicholas Copernicus. And this it did so based on a forgotten Greek observer and philosopher named Aristarchus of Samos. Interestingly Nicolaus Copernicus, who was afraid to publish his theory and waited almost until the last years of his life to do, never suffered no attacks or religious pressures, and his work, consisting of six volumes, was published with help from others German Lutheran bishop, called Tiedemann Giese and his first volume delivered to Pope Paul III himself, the driver of the Council of Trent
to and the Inquisition in Italy.
Statue of Copernicus, the driver of the heliocentric theory.
Copernicus, who was very religious canon and, linked to Catholicism, wrote this letter to the pope, "Holy Father and, well I can imagine that certain pers onas, aware that this my book On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, attributed to dust certain movements, I proclaim, supporting those views, should be mocked for my nonsense ... So I was wondering for a long time about whether to publish these written reflections show the motion of the earth, or whether it would better follow the example of the Pythagoreans and others, who were in favor of teaching their philosophical mysteries only to intimates and friends, and do so in writing, but in words as evidenced by the letter of Lysis to Hipparchus. In considering this issue and the fear of ridicule that my new and absurd view could bring me, I almost deterministic aa abandon the project.
However
Copernicus died in peace, buried in the vicinity of Frombork Cathedral in Poland, where he had served as canon. The pope, who at first did nothing against Copernicus, or against a book, for he thought that the author himself did not believe what he had written. The effects of the writings of Copernicus, however, came later and made a lot of things change between science and Christianity.
For example in the universities in the Protestant side, Copernicus' book had great impact and was the subject of study, at first only for certain select students. Among these students selected was a mathematician named Johannes Kepler, who went on to become one of his most animated supporters.
Johannes Kepler, was born into a Lutheran family and raised and taught in these doctrines, he appreciated their religion and in fact always defended. That although the same Luther was convicted years ago of the Copernican heliocentric theory, and Copernicus had described "upstart astrologer" claiming that " This crazy to invest all the science of astronomy" . But that theory was so logical and visibly proven that nothing could stop it.
On the Catholic side, something similar happened, Copernicus texts were circulating and being studied, but with more stealth, only twenty three years after publication, was born in Pisa, Galileo Galilei, who eventually suffer the consequences of the theory put forward by Copernicus. Galileo was brought up Catholic, in fact for a time lived in a convent of Santa Maria de Vallombrosa in Florence where he received religious training. A Galileo was attracted to the idea of \u200b\u200bjoining the religious life, but his father, a mathematician, he wanted his son to study medicine, retired from the monastery without notice and forbidding back, maybe in his life had a religious deception, which do have that attitude than against the religion but did not Galileo. Thus over time Galilei, decided to study science, becoming an astronomer, philosopher, mathematician and physicist, besides the great inventor and discoverer, for improvements in the telescope, which meant having considered the father of modern astronomy. His contribution to the dissemination of the heliocentric theory of Copernicus, he did have serious problems with the Church.
The problem was that in those days scientific biblical interpretation and still largely reluctant doctors of the Church, who approved or disapproved of what s taught in universities, and wanted to continue so. Were a major contradiction between the Copernican theory and the writings of teachers and parents of the Church and the scriptures. What
base had to find a contradiction between the Bible and science? If it deepens, first be noted that nowhere in scripture are positioned on if the sun and the planets revolve around the earth or the earth revolves around the sun. Just in Genesis says that God ordered two lights to illuminate one day and one night, but it does not indicate whether these would be about this, or vice versa is not mentioned anywhere in the idea that the earth was the center of the universe or planets revolved around him, because not even mentioned. It is true that in Genesis 1:8, speaking of the sky, but the Hebrew expression " Rakiya " Sky release as many Bibles, actually means expansion, giving the idea of \u200b\u200bsomething Extended and expanded outwards and that is where the stars are. It had nothing to do with the sky referring to the ancient Egyptians who believed that stars and other objects in the sky, hanging from a kind of coverage placed by the gods above the earth
a.
The World According performed at the average age
The other case was the story of Joshua 10:12-14 where it mentions that the sun miraculously stopped, some interpret it to this expression supports the idea that the sun revolves around the earth. Apart from the possible explanation que pueda tener ese milagro, en el que no se dice : Dios detuvo el sol, no, sino que simplemente dice que después de la solicitud de Josué, para alargar el día, el sol se quedó inmóvil, por supuesto fue Dios quien tuvo que efectuar tal milagro, pero no se dice como lo hizo, solamente lo que ellos desde su punto de vista vieron. Así que la expresión que hace pensar en que el sol se detiene, lo hace desde el punto de vista del que ve, tal como incluso en la actualidad se habla de salir el sol o ponerse, pues no hay otra manera de expresarlo si lo que queremos expresar, deseamos que lo entiendan nuestro oyentes; así uno ve el sol salir y el sol ponerse, o el sol detenerse como en el caso del milagro. ¿O acaso cuando hablamos dawn and dusk should pretend to say: in the morning the rotation of the earth makes the sun appear in the lift and the next morning where we are the face of the earth where we are placed back to sun? That would be an orthodox way of saying it, but impractical, being much easier and understandable express talking about the rising and setting sun. The scriptures, therefore, not being a book purporting to explain the workings of the universe, no need to use precise technical or scientific terms to refer to certain routine matters, as is talk of sunrise or sunset, just mentioned that using colloquial language. In the story it is not to explain how the solar system, or the universe, but as the day dragged on, making it seemingly had no sunset.
Moreover, when the Bible if you try to explain some natural physical issues or makes a simple but accurate, to the extent that even were hardly surprising because due to the mind or thoughts of the writers themselves. For example, talking about the planet's position in space, says in Job 26: 7: extends north over the empty land suspended over nothingness, in the first sentence using the Hebrew term "Tohu " that basically says the idea of \u200b\u200bwilderness, empty, desert and the second, the expression "Be file" literally means an expressive do anything!, which indicates the absolute nothingness or emptiness incomparable. Contrary to the accepted idea that for centuries the land was on something or that God himself was holding in her arms, a common belief in the medieval period.
Another example is found in Isaiah 40:22 " The globe sits on land " using the Hebrew expression " Kjug " which literally means circle or sphere. For the period in which he wrote the prophetic book of Isaiah, among the wise Greeks and Egyptians, with some exceptions, had established the idea that the earth was flat. He even used terms such as Land's End to refer to points where the sailors would not exceed, for fear of falling into the abyss.
also said talking about the depths of the earth following in Job 28: 5 "From the earth comes the food, but below is stirred as by fire " Making clear reference to the inner glow of Earth's core, something difficult demonstration at that time and place, where the absence of volcanoes did not support such a conclusion. So the scriptures when it comes to explaining physical situations, it does exactly, but if not That is, just use common expressions.
The problem at the time of Galileo, was that the Church and most of the scientific tradition and astronomical time, refused to abandon what for centuries had been teaching, saying the Ptolemaic theory that the planets and the sun , revolved around the earth. It was the Greeks, from Plato through Aristotle, who defended the idea that the earth was the center of the universe. Although there were some dissenters Greek scholars regard the idea of \u200b\u200ba geocentric, Ptolemy, born in the year 100, when they had completed the Apocalypse and the latest apostolic letters of John, was the driving force behind these ideas and the one who embodied in a book that eventually became part of the basic teaching of the philosophers, teachers, and from there to the scholastic and medieval and Renaissance universities. We can therefore conclude that in fact the Church was defending against reason and logic of discovery Copernicus and Galileo evidence for a theory of an astronomer Christian no more than 1500 years ago, used to shield the scriptures, which not even standing, nor did they mention this issue. Interestingly
for several years Galileo himself will continue teaching in Florence, both in schools and universities Aristotelian and Ptolemaic theory of the universe, it is possible that even he could not find conclusive evidence did not reject it categorically. As he was respectful and devoted to his religion, is even invited by the Florentine Academy to present lessons on the manner, place and size of Dante's Inferno. On the other hand the pressure from the authorities respect for education in universities and all the weight he had the church in this area made it difficult to cope with new ideas.
only being able to live a time when Florence and its surroundings, were protected from the presence of the Inquisition, Galileo was able to make from running definitively in favor of Copernicus' theories, especially to be able to demonstrate convincingly that this was right, even improving some details that the Polish astronomer disregarded.
On March 4, 1610, Galileo published his discoveries in Florence in the publication of Sidereus Nuncius, which resulted in his first stellar observations. For him, Jupiter and its satellites are a model of the Solar System. Thanks to them, believes he can prove that the orbits of Aristotle crystal do not exist and that all heavenly bodies do not revolve around the Earth. He also corrects some errors Copernican who claim that all heavenly bodies revolve around the Sun, showing that only the planets.
April 10 of that year, shows the discovery of these stars to the court of Tuscany, with great acceptance. The same month, provides three courses on the subject in Padua, then find another great support in astronomy, Johannes Kepler who offers support to Galileo. But not confirm this German astronomer Galileo discovered through September, thanks to a lens offered by this in person.
Galielo Galilei, famous for being forced by the Inquisition to recant his astronomical discoveries.
The fame of his observations with telescopes that it builds, you do get to have some popularity. Even we know that the April 24, 1611, at the request of Cardinal Bellarmine of Rome, who had brought before the Inquisition to another astronomer Giordano Bruno, for his ideas on other systems, closed an investigation into the findings and writings of Galileo, if the ideas expressed by this are held to the truth. The Roman College, composed of Jesuits, and led by Christofer Clavius, confirmed by Cardinal Bellarmine that Galileo's observations are accurate. However, the sages are saved either to confirm or deny the conclusions made by the Florentines, because they think they would recognize that hitherto was not taught correct. That saves
temporarily being accused of heresy, as well as the writings of Copernicus, are considered throwing guesses without being believed or accepted by the author. The problem is that if Galileo firmly accepted their ideas and conclusions of its work, also the beginning to openly declare all this we had problems, first alone with other teachers, but then also come with the Jesuits, defenders to the death of the Catholic tradition.
In 1612, began a discussion with the Jesuit Christopher Scheiner, a German astronomer, on the subject of sunspots. Scheiner and other famous astronomers of the time defend the immortality of the Sun saying the spots were actually collections of stars between the Sun and Earth. Galileo demonstrates, however, that the spots are on the very surface of the sun, or so close that you can not measure its altitude.
The Dominican Niccolo Lorini, professor of ecclesiastical history in Florence, gave a sermon resolutely opposed to the theory of Earth rotation. And this marks the beginning of religious attacks against Galileo, because apparently used the aforementioned passage in the Book of Joshua, as a weapon against the theological.
On 20 December the same year, a Florentine priest named Caccini very violently attacked Galileo Santa Maria Novella church. While shortly after the January 6, 1612, the Carmelite priest Paolo Foscarini, published a letter trying to positively view the Pythagoreans and of Copernicus on the mobility of the earth, feeling the Copernican system as a physical reality, and starts controversy and even division within the Church, some accepting the Copernican theory and others rejected. The controversy came to Rome, where Cardinal Bellarmine is forced to intervene again, and the April 12, 1612 wrote a letter to another cardinal which unequivocally condemned the heliocentric theory in the absence of a conclusive refutation of the geocentric system, basing his reasoning on the authority of the Church has blessed and accepted that teaching.
A consequence of this Galileo was summoned on 16 February 1616 by the Inquisition for the examination of the propositions of censorship. It is a disaster for him, as it paralyzes much of their projects. The Copernican theory is condemned as "foolish, absurd in philosophy and formally heretical. Copernicus's writings are included in the Catalogue of Prohibited Books, which had established the Council of Trent, the censorship being ratified by the Inquisition and the Pope Paul V. The Galileo is imposed silence and you agree not to disseminate their ideas.
In this context it's like, Galileo was asked to present his thesis, presenting it as a hypothesis and not as a fact, but because the evidence was clear and forceful, he could not deny that reality, ignored the well-meaning advice and insisted on his reasons. That made the whole Church to take over Galileo was only found support at the border Protestants. For example in 1622, in Frankfurt, Galileo's Apology appears written by Tommaso Campanella. A defense that would hinder rather than defend, as Campanella and is condemned for heresy.
But a change of potato softens things blamed for the astronomer, as the August 6, 1622, Cardinal Barberini Matteo is elected pope under the name of Urban VIII. The pope, warrior famous for his appetite, even to mount a fabirc Arms obstenta seems to save some sympathy for the scientist. This was so the February 3, 1623 Galileo received permission to publish his works precisely Saggiatore the new pope. The work is published on 20 October 1623. Galileo somehow becomes the representative of the intellectual rebellion against the Romans in intellectual and scientific conformity imposed by the Jesuits. Years pass and Galileo continues its work and findings under the protection of Urban VIII and the Duke of Tuscany Ferdinand II de 'Medici, and in 1632 published in Florence the dialogue of the Massimi sistemi (Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems), which makes a mockery of the geocentric theories of Ptolemy. Dialogue is both a revolution and a scandal, openly pro-Copernican.
But in Rome Galileo had powerful enemies, mainly among the Jesuits of the Collegio Romano, and Orazio especially Grascci Christopher Steiner, who considered the intellectual branch of the Church, and these may well be those who started the rumor that Pope Urban was in fact, the likable but lackluster Simplicio in the work of Galilei. This was very detrimental to Galileo, as Rome was well known in the huge self-esteem Pope. Moreover, Galileo did not help write his book cited in common language rather than Latin used the time between the scientists, because the Church did not like that works directly reach the common people.
Thus again was faced with the Inquisition, the process was irregular, as though the book had passed the filter of the censors, he was accused of introducing heretical doctrines. But he could not be accused by his writing, as this left in the wrong place for such sensors, the official charge was therefore violate the prohibition of 1616. For those dates
Galileo was extremely ill and exhausted, already had 68 years, so it took to go, well that at that time there was an epidemic of plague in Italy. Although presented medical certificates saying these circumstances, the end of December 1632 was immediately ordered to go willy nilly. That was not his will to delay the trip as evidence that because of the plague, was retained for a period of 42 days to leave Tuscany. Moreover, the treatment received during the process was successful, stay in the rooms of the palace of the Inquisition, and getting all the attention he needed, but it was not any special treatment different from other VIPs and other people of their condition . The process began
with an interrogation on April 9, 1633, where Galileo expressly acknowledges receipt of any order of Cardinal Bellarmine. Moreover, the order appears in a report was not signed by either the Cardinal or by Galileo himself. With flimsy evidence is difficult to make a sentence, so it was ordered to confess, with threats of torture if he does and promises of an otherwise benevolent treatment. Galileo agrees to confess, which takes place in a court appearance on 30 April. Once the confession, there is the conviction on 21 June. The next day, the Roman convent of Santa Maria Sopra Minerva, it is read the sentence, where he was sentenced to life imprisonment and ordered him to renounce his ideas, which makes then. Although according to tradition was after the withdrawal when he said the famous sentence: Eppur si muove, which translated says: And yet it moves!, Although there is no confirmed evidence that this was before the court has said, unless you have done in a low voice, for that inquisitorial tribunal, would not tolerate such a remark, even in the case of an elder. After the abjuration Pope commuted prison to house arrest for life.
The news of that sentence is all over Europe and not indifferent, some philosophers including Descartes, criticized the decision and consider it an evil conspiracy of the Jesuits, in part was right, as were most vocal in rejecting the Copernican thesis. Thus, because of an erroneous application of the scriptures, he did great harm not only to science but to the Bible itself, for centuries after the high-criticism, used the same arguments or the biblical texts that the Church used to attack Copernican theory, but this time to unfairly attack the accuracy or reliability of the scriptures in science.
Some writers of the day including the famous Dan Brown, suggests that Galileo belonged to the Illuminati, something without any historical basis, as the famous astronomer, died in 1642, more than 130 years before the founding of the movement of Adam Weishaupt. And he never wanted to leave their religion, which was willing to renounce his own convictions to not be excommunicated or martyred.
There was another dramatic case also, the Neapolitan astronomer Giordano Bruno, who around 1566, while being trained to become a priest was accused of rejecting images in worship, shortly after having been in Geneva in 1572 abandoned the habits of his approach to Calvinism.
Giordano Bruno, the martyr for claiming among other things, the possible existence of other planetary systems.
Although also had problems with Calvin, who critics say that he had committed at least 20 errors of biblical interpretation. He was tried and imprisoned for up to recant later abandoned Calvinism find not according to intellectual freedom. Later, he taught at the University of Oxford, there and insisted publications against the earth was the center of the universe, defying an acceptance from the time of Aristotle, stated that the universe was infinite and composed of many worlds, similar to the solar system, indeed in 1584 wrote a treatise on the issue that title: Infine University e mondi ito.
Despite their ideological disputes, its reputation as scholar and broadcaster, poet and philosopher, he used to be known by many major universities. Traveled to various European countries as a lecturer at various universities and giving lectures and writing papers on cosmology, physics, magic and memory. At that time, came to Lutheranism, which looked less intransigent than Calvinism, but also struggled, as he began to exhibit a utopian idea of \u200b\u200bthe possibility of peaceful coexistence of different religions, that in full Catholic-Protestant conflict was not well accepted in Germany which earned him another ban, now the Lutheran Church.
In 1591 he wrote his book " On the Immense and Innumerable ", which again was the subject of the possible existence of other worlds like ours in other solar systems. Apart from this, he believed that the universe is infinite, that God is the soul of the universe and that material things are manifestations of a single principle infinite. He was invited to a Venetian nobleman, Giovanni Moncenigo, who having read his book on the art of memory, I wanted to inquire more than Neapolitan philosopher. It was erected in his private tutor and supporter and helped him to publish many of his writings, so Bruno returned to Italy. In 1592, however, Moncenigo betrayed him for some ideas about magic, which Bruno defended. So without thinking twice, denounced Bruno to the Inquisition who accused him of heresy.
So it was Giordano Bruno in 1592 was brought before the Roman authorities and jailed for over eight years while preparing a process where he was accused of blasphemy, immoral conduct and a heretic. Bruno did not accept such accusations and refused to recant, in a trial led by Romulus Bellarmine, bishop, cardinal inquisitor and the Society of Jesus, the February 8, 1600 was read the sentence where he was declared heretical, unrepentant, stubborn and stubborn. It is said that led to the following sentence to which he judged, "but ye tremble to announce this decision than I receive." He was expelled from the Church and his works were burned in the public square.
Before being executed at the stake a monk gave him a crucifix to kiss him, but Bruno refused, saying he would die as a martyr and his rise with the fire soul to paradise, thus dying a religious freethinker who believed in freedom of religious choice, was burned on a pyre erected in Campo dei Fiori on 17 February 1600.
But if there is an even more remembered by history, this is Galileo Galilei, who was unfairly forced to recant and ostracized. But in reality the case of Galileo, it is somewhat surprising, then was sentenced to assert and defend the earth was the center of the universe and that moved around the sun like other planets in a system.
say strange, because only years earlier had killed another astronomer that was the one who really raised the heliocentric theory, a few decades ago, Nicholas Copernicus. And this it did so based on a forgotten Greek observer and philosopher named Aristarchus of Samos. Interestingly Nicolaus Copernicus, who was afraid to publish his theory and waited almost until the last years of his life to do, never suffered no attacks or religious pressures, and his work, consisting of six volumes, was published with help from others German Lutheran bishop, called Tiedemann Giese and his first volume delivered to Pope Paul III himself, the driver of the Council of Trent
to and the Inquisition in Italy. Statue of Copernicus, the driver of the heliocentric theory.
Copernicus, who was very religious canon and, linked to Catholicism, wrote this letter to the pope, "Holy Father and, well I can imagine that certain pers onas, aware that this my book On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, attributed to dust certain movements, I proclaim, supporting those views, should be mocked for my nonsense ... So I was wondering for a long time about whether to publish these written reflections show the motion of the earth, or whether it would better follow the example of the Pythagoreans and others, who were in favor of teaching their philosophical mysteries only to intimates and friends, and do so in writing, but in words as evidenced by the letter of Lysis to Hipparchus. In considering this issue and the fear of ridicule that my new and absurd view could bring me, I almost deterministic aa abandon the project.
However
Copernicus died in peace, buried in the vicinity of Frombork Cathedral in Poland, where he had served as canon. The pope, who at first did nothing against Copernicus, or against a book, for he thought that the author himself did not believe what he had written. The effects of the writings of Copernicus, however, came later and made a lot of things change between science and Christianity.
For example in the universities in the Protestant side, Copernicus' book had great impact and was the subject of study, at first only for certain select students. Among these students selected was a mathematician named Johannes Kepler, who went on to become one of his most animated supporters.
Johannes Kepler, was born into a Lutheran family and raised and taught in these doctrines, he appreciated their religion and in fact always defended. That although the same Luther was convicted years ago of the Copernican heliocentric theory, and Copernicus had described "upstart astrologer" claiming that " This crazy to invest all the science of astronomy" . But that theory was so logical and visibly proven that nothing could stop it.
On the Catholic side, something similar happened, Copernicus texts were circulating and being studied, but with more stealth, only twenty three years after publication, was born in Pisa, Galileo Galilei, who eventually suffer the consequences of the theory put forward by Copernicus. Galileo was brought up Catholic, in fact for a time lived in a convent of Santa Maria de Vallombrosa in Florence where he received religious training. A Galileo was attracted to the idea of \u200b\u200bjoining the religious life, but his father, a mathematician, he wanted his son to study medicine, retired from the monastery without notice and forbidding back, maybe in his life had a religious deception, which do have that attitude than against the religion but did not Galileo. Thus over time Galilei, decided to study science, becoming an astronomer, philosopher, mathematician and physicist, besides the great inventor and discoverer, for improvements in the telescope, which meant having considered the father of modern astronomy. His contribution to the dissemination of the heliocentric theory of Copernicus, he did have serious problems with the Church.
The problem was that in those days scientific biblical interpretation and still largely reluctant doctors of the Church, who approved or disapproved of what s taught in universities, and wanted to continue so. Were a major contradiction between the Copernican theory and the writings of teachers and parents of the Church and the scriptures. What
base had to find a contradiction between the Bible and science? If it deepens, first be noted that nowhere in scripture are positioned on if the sun and the planets revolve around the earth or the earth revolves around the sun. Just in Genesis says that God ordered two lights to illuminate one day and one night, but it does not indicate whether these would be about this, or vice versa is not mentioned anywhere in the idea that the earth was the center of the universe or planets revolved around him, because not even mentioned. It is true that in Genesis 1:8, speaking of the sky, but the Hebrew expression " Rakiya " Sky release as many Bibles, actually means expansion, giving the idea of \u200b\u200bsomething Extended and expanded outwards and that is where the stars are. It had nothing to do with the sky referring to the ancient Egyptians who believed that stars and other objects in the sky, hanging from a kind of coverage placed by the gods above the earth
a. The World According performed at the average age
The other case was the story of Joshua 10:12-14 where it mentions that the sun miraculously stopped, some interpret it to this expression supports the idea that the sun revolves around the earth. Apart from the possible explanation que pueda tener ese milagro, en el que no se dice : Dios detuvo el sol, no, sino que simplemente dice que después de la solicitud de Josué, para alargar el día, el sol se quedó inmóvil, por supuesto fue Dios quien tuvo que efectuar tal milagro, pero no se dice como lo hizo, solamente lo que ellos desde su punto de vista vieron. Así que la expresión que hace pensar en que el sol se detiene, lo hace desde el punto de vista del que ve, tal como incluso en la actualidad se habla de salir el sol o ponerse, pues no hay otra manera de expresarlo si lo que queremos expresar, deseamos que lo entiendan nuestro oyentes; así uno ve el sol salir y el sol ponerse, o el sol detenerse como en el caso del milagro. ¿O acaso cuando hablamos dawn and dusk should pretend to say: in the morning the rotation of the earth makes the sun appear in the lift and the next morning where we are the face of the earth where we are placed back to sun? That would be an orthodox way of saying it, but impractical, being much easier and understandable express talking about the rising and setting sun. The scriptures, therefore, not being a book purporting to explain the workings of the universe, no need to use precise technical or scientific terms to refer to certain routine matters, as is talk of sunrise or sunset, just mentioned that using colloquial language. In the story it is not to explain how the solar system, or the universe, but as the day dragged on, making it seemingly had no sunset.
Moreover, when the Bible if you try to explain some natural physical issues or makes a simple but accurate, to the extent that even were hardly surprising because due to the mind or thoughts of the writers themselves. For example, talking about the planet's position in space, says in Job 26: 7: extends north over the empty land suspended over nothingness, in the first sentence using the Hebrew term "Tohu " that basically says the idea of \u200b\u200bwilderness, empty, desert and the second, the expression "Be file" literally means an expressive do anything!, which indicates the absolute nothingness or emptiness incomparable. Contrary to the accepted idea that for centuries the land was on something or that God himself was holding in her arms, a common belief in the medieval period.
Another example is found in Isaiah 40:22 " The globe sits on land " using the Hebrew expression " Kjug " which literally means circle or sphere. For the period in which he wrote the prophetic book of Isaiah, among the wise Greeks and Egyptians, with some exceptions, had established the idea that the earth was flat. He even used terms such as Land's End to refer to points where the sailors would not exceed, for fear of falling into the abyss.
also said talking about the depths of the earth following in Job 28: 5 "From the earth comes the food, but below is stirred as by fire " Making clear reference to the inner glow of Earth's core, something difficult demonstration at that time and place, where the absence of volcanoes did not support such a conclusion. So the scriptures when it comes to explaining physical situations, it does exactly, but if not That is, just use common expressions.
The problem at the time of Galileo, was that the Church and most of the scientific tradition and astronomical time, refused to abandon what for centuries had been teaching, saying the Ptolemaic theory that the planets and the sun , revolved around the earth. It was the Greeks, from Plato through Aristotle, who defended the idea that the earth was the center of the universe. Although there were some dissenters Greek scholars regard the idea of \u200b\u200ba geocentric, Ptolemy, born in the year 100, when they had completed the Apocalypse and the latest apostolic letters of John, was the driving force behind these ideas and the one who embodied in a book that eventually became part of the basic teaching of the philosophers, teachers, and from there to the scholastic and medieval and Renaissance universities. We can therefore conclude that in fact the Church was defending against reason and logic of discovery Copernicus and Galileo evidence for a theory of an astronomer Christian no more than 1500 years ago, used to shield the scriptures, which not even standing, nor did they mention this issue. Interestingly
for several years Galileo himself will continue teaching in Florence, both in schools and universities Aristotelian and Ptolemaic theory of the universe, it is possible that even he could not find conclusive evidence did not reject it categorically. As he was respectful and devoted to his religion, is even invited by the Florentine Academy to present lessons on the manner, place and size of Dante's Inferno. On the other hand the pressure from the authorities respect for education in universities and all the weight he had the church in this area made it difficult to cope with new ideas.
only being able to live a time when Florence and its surroundings, were protected from the presence of the Inquisition, Galileo was able to make from running definitively in favor of Copernicus' theories, especially to be able to demonstrate convincingly that this was right, even improving some details that the Polish astronomer disregarded.
On March 4, 1610, Galileo published his discoveries in Florence in the publication of Sidereus Nuncius, which resulted in his first stellar observations. For him, Jupiter and its satellites are a model of the Solar System. Thanks to them, believes he can prove that the orbits of Aristotle crystal do not exist and that all heavenly bodies do not revolve around the Earth. He also corrects some errors Copernican who claim that all heavenly bodies revolve around the Sun, showing that only the planets.
April 10 of that year, shows the discovery of these stars to the court of Tuscany, with great acceptance. The same month, provides three courses on the subject in Padua, then find another great support in astronomy, Johannes Kepler who offers support to Galileo. But not confirm this German astronomer Galileo discovered through September, thanks to a lens offered by this in person.
Galielo Galilei, famous for being forced by the Inquisition to recant his astronomical discoveries.
The fame of his observations with telescopes that it builds, you do get to have some popularity. Even we know that the April 24, 1611, at the request of Cardinal Bellarmine of Rome, who had brought before the Inquisition to another astronomer Giordano Bruno, for his ideas on other systems, closed an investigation into the findings and writings of Galileo, if the ideas expressed by this are held to the truth. The Roman College, composed of Jesuits, and led by Christofer Clavius, confirmed by Cardinal Bellarmine that Galileo's observations are accurate. However, the sages are saved either to confirm or deny the conclusions made by the Florentines, because they think they would recognize that hitherto was not taught correct. That saves
temporarily being accused of heresy, as well as the writings of Copernicus, are considered throwing guesses without being believed or accepted by the author. The problem is that if Galileo firmly accepted their ideas and conclusions of its work, also the beginning to openly declare all this we had problems, first alone with other teachers, but then also come with the Jesuits, defenders to the death of the Catholic tradition.
In 1612, began a discussion with the Jesuit Christopher Scheiner, a German astronomer, on the subject of sunspots. Scheiner and other famous astronomers of the time defend the immortality of the Sun saying the spots were actually collections of stars between the Sun and Earth. Galileo demonstrates, however, that the spots are on the very surface of the sun, or so close that you can not measure its altitude.
The Dominican Niccolo Lorini, professor of ecclesiastical history in Florence, gave a sermon resolutely opposed to the theory of Earth rotation. And this marks the beginning of religious attacks against Galileo, because apparently used the aforementioned passage in the Book of Joshua, as a weapon against the theological.
On 20 December the same year, a Florentine priest named Caccini very violently attacked Galileo Santa Maria Novella church. While shortly after the January 6, 1612, the Carmelite priest Paolo Foscarini, published a letter trying to positively view the Pythagoreans and of Copernicus on the mobility of the earth, feeling the Copernican system as a physical reality, and starts controversy and even division within the Church, some accepting the Copernican theory and others rejected. The controversy came to Rome, where Cardinal Bellarmine is forced to intervene again, and the April 12, 1612 wrote a letter to another cardinal which unequivocally condemned the heliocentric theory in the absence of a conclusive refutation of the geocentric system, basing his reasoning on the authority of the Church has blessed and accepted that teaching.
A consequence of this Galileo was summoned on 16 February 1616 by the Inquisition for the examination of the propositions of censorship. It is a disaster for him, as it paralyzes much of their projects. The Copernican theory is condemned as "foolish, absurd in philosophy and formally heretical. Copernicus's writings are included in the Catalogue of Prohibited Books, which had established the Council of Trent, the censorship being ratified by the Inquisition and the Pope Paul V. The Galileo is imposed silence and you agree not to disseminate their ideas.
In this context it's like, Galileo was asked to present his thesis, presenting it as a hypothesis and not as a fact, but because the evidence was clear and forceful, he could not deny that reality, ignored the well-meaning advice and insisted on his reasons. That made the whole Church to take over Galileo was only found support at the border Protestants. For example in 1622, in Frankfurt, Galileo's Apology appears written by Tommaso Campanella. A defense that would hinder rather than defend, as Campanella and is condemned for heresy.
But a change of potato softens things blamed for the astronomer, as the August 6, 1622, Cardinal Barberini Matteo is elected pope under the name of Urban VIII. The pope, warrior famous for his appetite, even to mount a fabirc Arms obstenta seems to save some sympathy for the scientist. This was so the February 3, 1623 Galileo received permission to publish his works precisely Saggiatore the new pope. The work is published on 20 October 1623. Galileo somehow becomes the representative of the intellectual rebellion against the Romans in intellectual and scientific conformity imposed by the Jesuits. Years pass and Galileo continues its work and findings under the protection of Urban VIII and the Duke of Tuscany Ferdinand II de 'Medici, and in 1632 published in Florence the dialogue of the Massimi sistemi (Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems), which makes a mockery of the geocentric theories of Ptolemy. Dialogue is both a revolution and a scandal, openly pro-Copernican.
But in Rome Galileo had powerful enemies, mainly among the Jesuits of the Collegio Romano, and Orazio especially Grascci Christopher Steiner, who considered the intellectual branch of the Church, and these may well be those who started the rumor that Pope Urban was in fact, the likable but lackluster Simplicio in the work of Galilei. This was very detrimental to Galileo, as Rome was well known in the huge self-esteem Pope. Moreover, Galileo did not help write his book cited in common language rather than Latin used the time between the scientists, because the Church did not like that works directly reach the common people.
Thus again was faced with the Inquisition, the process was irregular, as though the book had passed the filter of the censors, he was accused of introducing heretical doctrines. But he could not be accused by his writing, as this left in the wrong place for such sensors, the official charge was therefore violate the prohibition of 1616. For those dates
Galileo was extremely ill and exhausted, already had 68 years, so it took to go, well that at that time there was an epidemic of plague in Italy. Although presented medical certificates saying these circumstances, the end of December 1632 was immediately ordered to go willy nilly. That was not his will to delay the trip as evidence that because of the plague, was retained for a period of 42 days to leave Tuscany. Moreover, the treatment received during the process was successful, stay in the rooms of the palace of the Inquisition, and getting all the attention he needed, but it was not any special treatment different from other VIPs and other people of their condition . The process began
with an interrogation on April 9, 1633, where Galileo expressly acknowledges receipt of any order of Cardinal Bellarmine. Moreover, the order appears in a report was not signed by either the Cardinal or by Galileo himself. With flimsy evidence is difficult to make a sentence, so it was ordered to confess, with threats of torture if he does and promises of an otherwise benevolent treatment. Galileo agrees to confess, which takes place in a court appearance on 30 April. Once the confession, there is the conviction on 21 June. The next day, the Roman convent of Santa Maria Sopra Minerva, it is read the sentence, where he was sentenced to life imprisonment and ordered him to renounce his ideas, which makes then. Although according to tradition was after the withdrawal when he said the famous sentence: Eppur si muove, which translated says: And yet it moves!, Although there is no confirmed evidence that this was before the court has said, unless you have done in a low voice, for that inquisitorial tribunal, would not tolerate such a remark, even in the case of an elder. After the abjuration Pope commuted prison to house arrest for life.
The news of that sentence is all over Europe and not indifferent, some philosophers including Descartes, criticized the decision and consider it an evil conspiracy of the Jesuits, in part was right, as were most vocal in rejecting the Copernican thesis. Thus, because of an erroneous application of the scriptures, he did great harm not only to science but to the Bible itself, for centuries after the high-criticism, used the same arguments or the biblical texts that the Church used to attack Copernican theory, but this time to unfairly attack the accuracy or reliability of the scriptures in science.
Some writers of the day including the famous Dan Brown, suggests that Galileo belonged to the Illuminati, something without any historical basis, as the famous astronomer, died in 1642, more than 130 years before the founding of the movement of Adam Weishaupt. And he never wanted to leave their religion, which was willing to renounce his own convictions to not be excommunicated or martyred.
Monday, June 7, 2010
Trang Web Coi Cung Hay, Vao Coi Thu Di
resurgence of radical prophetic movements in the seventeenth century
Muggleton Lodowicke Portrait by the artist William Wood 1674
Muggleton Lodowicke Portrait by the artist William Wood 1674
Within the line of spiritualists, who rejected liturgies and temples, and preached a Christianity internal groups emerged to Protestantism and Catholicism more actively pursued and was considered as radical, we have tried to Schwendelkfienses, quietism, Ranters and the Quakers, but in the seventeenth century, English Christianity between the divided small minority groups continued to emerge about certain enlightened, from which some old tendencies resurfaced missing. Other
was Thomas Tany, who around the year 1626 had announced that he was a descendant of one of the tribes of Israel, more specifically from the tribe of Reuben, and that God had commissioned to gather the lost tribes in England.
The English preacher, born into a farming family, was a self-taught, it is said, the seven years he learned to read and write, almost single-handedly. Later in his mind, too, took depth Bible studies. Influenced by reading the Old Testament and the emergence of great prophets, he felt compelled to copy your system and apply it to Christianity, but with a special and peculiar interpretation. He felt his purpose was to commission and return to Israel as Zion Bible prophecies and incorporate new nation, from which brighten to all peoples. He came to change his name and brought together Tany Theauraujohn a small group of supporters who began to live in tents in the center of the camp set up a sort of tent-like Moses and Aaron in the desert. Tany
interpreted the United announced millennium in Revelation, was the restoration in Israel of the Kingdom of God, interpreting literally the words of Paul in the Epistle to the Romans, which states: P ecause I would not, brethren, the sacred secret, lest discrete you be your own eyes: a dulling of sensibilities has happened in part to Israel until the full number of people of the nations has come and so all Israel shall be saved. Just as it is written: "There shall come out of Zion the Deliverer and away from Jacob ungodly practices. (Romans 11:25,26) . interpreting these words literally identified as the deliverer to mentioned there, creating a sort of Jewish millenarianism, which was no doubt an inspiration for other movements later. He even published a pamphlet, with the help of a rich businessman known as Captain Robert Norwood, who covered the printing costs.
His message was strong, denouncing the clergy with harsh words: are as dumb evil dogs, shearing rather than help poor people , Tany said. While he spoke of bringing together Israel, that does not mention him away from Christ and the gospel, that way seems to be to create a new kind of Judaizing Christianity because it was circumcised and began to implement certain provisions of the law, including the Sabbath. He was accused of certain disturbances in London in those years, some riots and arson and other attacks, which led him to prison for some time. Because of these difficulties apparently went to the Netherlands, changed his name again by that of Johoram collide with the aim of bringing together the lost tribes in the Netherlands, but there they lost his trail, some say it is possible to die in a flooding due to their habit of living in tents.
According to his detractors, Tany's writings, now lost most touching themes of the varied and confusing, among other things, spoke of magic and mysticism, alchemy and astrology, numerology and angelology. It is said that he devoted much of his time reading works related to Neo-Platonism and Gnosticism, he realción with certain concepts of the Rosicrucians, reading and interpreting the Kabbalah. Although many of these claims have no firm basis. Their sources were varied, although they seem to have included almanacs, popular prophecies, and legal treatises, including the Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs and other books relating to Jewish mysticism. After his death, his disciples were dispersed and disappeared soon his legacy.
On the other hand had also emerged for the first decades of this century, the figure of a dark lit named John Robins, a former member of Ranters, who reportedly stated that it was the incarnation of Christ. Ensuring that came to judge the living and the dead, as was the Christ, his power had risen and had redeemed Cain and Judas Iscariot, and Jeremiah had also risen and many of the Old Testament prophets. His followers claimed to possess prodigious talents, making some strange effects on his wanderings through the cities with their message. No doubt it was usually charlatans who used magic tricks to use with certain devices manufactured by them to impress and attract followers behind them.
But this kind of enlightened, inspiring others and somehow influenced the emergence of a stream of characters that is attached himself to be recipients of household goods and special commissions, faced each other, as George Fox himself, founder of the Quakers struggled to not be identified or confused with some of them, as often imitated his style.
The name comes from one of its originators, Ludowicke Muggleton, London Taylor, born in 1609 who had contact with the Ranters and other radical groups of a spiritual nature, like the followers of Robins and Tany. Disabused of these, he joined his cousin John Reeve, also a tailor and a deep spiritual nature.
John Reeve, born in the small town of Wiltshire, England, was a visionary who in 1651 claimed to have received a personal revelation from God that this had instructed him to direct the call Third Committee in preparation for the final days of earth . Did call himself as "Reeves" or New Vespers It is also considered the Prophet of God in the manner of Moses, and Muggleton, as the new Aaron.
This light, called his mission, the Third Committee, considering that the work of Moses and Israel, was the first, Jesus and Christianity was the second and the was considered the third and final chance at redemption of mankind.
That happened on February 5, 1651, as Reeve's own account by the voice of the words of Christ, who gave orders include the following:
- I've given you all the understanding of Scripture above all men in the world. "It looks on the inside, there you will see the Kingdom of Heaven and the Kingdom of Hell. "I have chosen as the last messenger to a great commission, go to the bloody world of unbelievers. And Lodowick Muggleton have given the privilege of being your mouth. "I put the double-edged sword of my spirit in your mouth, so whoever I pronounced blessed by the mouth of yours, is blessed for all eternity, and whoever I damn rule by mouth to yours will be damned eternity.
also denounced the work of other enlightened of his time as Thomas Tany whom they accused of being 'a fake priest' and forgery of a prophet, marking it as a rant and his group the cave of Cain. John Robins was identified as the Antichrist because according to Reeve believed he was exalted in the place of God.
By April 1651, Muggleton had begun to feel doubts that haunted him, especially related to traditional doctrines of Anglicanism and persistent in Protestantism, including the fire of hell, the idea of \u200b\u200ban immortal soul, in direct contradiction to the teaching Biblical resurrection of the just and unjust. Since I could not find answers in the religious establishment of his time, he sought among the most obscure. Finally concluded that he must leave everything in God's hands. Especially when according to him, began to experience revelations that explained the meaning of writing. In February in 1651 his cousin John Reeve, who worked in the same workshop that ran suffered similar experiences was when the two began a mission.
At that time the book of Revelation, was rarely considered among Protestant movements, we saw what Luther thought the Book of Revelation, as in his Treatise on the New Testament books, criticized the book saying that it is neither apostolic nor prophetic, but if you wrote a bygone interpretation of its meaning. Calvin declined to comment on the complex biblical book, in fact even to accept it, was the only book of the New Testament did not write any comments, so the Calvinist groups, whether Presbyterians or Puritans, just took it as a study book. The Anabaptists considered the idea only previously understood by Waldensian and applying the term Paulicians Babylon the Great of Chapter 17 to the Church of Rome. And Baptists considered only in their meetings and studies, the first five chapters and the last two. True, the naturalist and Egyptologist Joseph Mede, a friend of Newton wrote in 1627 Clavis Apocalyptica, in which he explained his interpretation of the mysterious book, influencing the thinking and vision of others, including one's own Newton, who was also a student of Revelation, but we'll give the account in a later chapter.
Therefore, the interpretation of Reeve and Muggleton began to teach his followers about prophetic symbols of Revelation was revolutionary at the time. Among other things gave a different explanation of prophecies that in most cases they are applied to themselves. For example according to Revelation chapter 11 referred to two witnesses appointed by God, who preach to an unbelieving world, under trials and sufferings, in preparation for the beginning of the final days. Reeve and Muggleton were identified by their disciples as the two witnesses of Revelation. The Millennium issue was a topic almost forgotten since the time of Augustine of Hippo, but they started talking time it as close and as something that literally fulfilled. Soon its apocalyptic messages were echoed in the beleaguered London.
Soon had made those two lighted what would be the basis for a new religion, far from what they considered false religion of Satan. The six principles of Muggletonians are summarized in the following ideas:
"There is no God, but if the glorious Man Christ Jesus.
"There is no devil, it is the reason that dirty men.
"Heaven is an abode of light infinite and beyond the stars.
-The Instead of Hell will this earth when the sun, moon and stars are extinguished.
-Angels are the only beings of Pure Reason.
-El Alma dies with the body and thus be raised in the resurrection.
As for the origin of evil, but did not accept the Calvinist view of predetermination, spoke on a doctrine called for the two seeds. According to this, the natural process of generation did that, even at the time of Noah, all the people had in them something of September and some of Cain. The Muggletonians call this the doctrine of two seeds, the seed of the woman and the seed of the serpent. Therefore there is always conflict within each person, as the seed of evil moves us commit crimes and do bad, and the seed of good to the search for God.
also said to not accept the trinity, but in reality simply because they did not accept the idea as the Council of Nicea said, but simply asserted that God is Christ and that is, the Holy Spirit is not mentioned for this were accused of being anti-Trinitarian.
The Muggletonians had a hostility to philosophical reason, a biblical understanding of how the universe works and a belief that God appeared directly on this earth as Jesus Christ. A belief that God is therefore not observe or intervene in daily events on land and generally do not intervene to take action to bring the world to an end.
The Muggletonians have avoided all forms of worship, including rituals, public prayer or preaching, and in the past, has been found only for the discussion of his writings or to socialize among their members. The movement was egalitarian, apolitical, peace and evangelism resolution has been avoided.
The Spiritual Transcendence Treaty became the main book Muggletonians. Written in first person by John Reeve, but appears under both names Reeve and Muggleton, considered by them as the latest true witnesses. The book was printed in 1652 in a second edition slightly different from the first, the following year. This was intended as a message of Christ to which they were chosen as the last prophet and precursor of the reappearance of God in the heavens above the earth on the Day of Judgement.
In 1653 both were convicted on the basis of denying the Trinity and sentenced to six months in the correctional Old Bridewell. During this period, Reeve wrote another booklet entitled Protest Eternal God, was printed and published by Jeremiah Mount and well received by people eager to learn new ideas. Reeve was so sure of himself, I get to write another book of his called Divine Mirror in 1656, more indicating its position as a prophet. At the opening of this book states that all Scripture comes from divine inspiration or human imagination, saying only the Commission of the last witnesses was of divine origin. In a letter written on August 15, 1656 to Alice Webb said if the Lord Jesus not our witness testifies and makes clear that he has sent us a few months then you may conclude that there has never been any true prophet.
At the same time going into poverty, partly because it was his full time to his work, leaving his family financially supplement, which by common consent must feed his wife, working, but in 1656, died this and the situation of Reeve, it becomes more complicated, ongoing incarceration will cause a disease that did not come out, dying in 1658.
members achieved a degree of public notoriety curse those who insulted their faith publicly, this was done in front of the temples Puritans, Quakers and other faiths of which receive more critical. This practice, which proved incredibly effective, stopped in mid-nineteenth century. But also brought them much persecution and imprisonment both its originators and those who succeeded them. After Reeve's death in 1658 Lodowicke Muggleton became sole leader of the group as the prophet exclusive. Muggleton eventually made changes to many of the ideals of John Reeve. For example, introduced the idea that God deliberately ignores the daily activities and does not interfere in human affairs. Some of his followers did not like this because it denies any personal relationship between the believer and God. This led, at one point in the history of Muggletonians, a division, there were those who felt they had more in common with John Reeve and Muggleton Lodowicke least.
The reasons why the changes occurred in the way of understanding some original ideas was that John Reeve was an ideologue something exalted while Muggleton had the virtues of a quiet man, and weighed more issues. On the other hand Reeve lived for six years in the faith, Muggleton 46. Reeve had announced calamities against London, which softened after his death Muggleton, otherwise it would become clear, since those harbingers of Reeve, never fulfilled. Muggleton
The animosity toward the Quakers, who should consider closer apparently due to three reasons. First, he believed guilty of witchcraft spiritual, that the claim of George Fox to be presumed to have cured some people, Muggleton saw it as a manipulation of Fox to attract supporters, believed that faith should be free and people should close to it without coercion or reward in sight. Second, the bounty of the doctrines among the Quakers, he considered the irreducible Ranters, it is possible that there might come accusations that linked with them, because to preach a religion without creeds. Third, the church Muggletonians considered the seventh, and last, the last day antiiglesia of days and so its very existence was seen as the removal of each and the journey of the person to paradise, while the Quakers did not do enough by prophecy, or by attacking the great whore, which were considered the established church, criticized the fact that Fox, be introduced into the churches Presbyterian, Congregational and other faiths to speak in their midst and dedicated as they are not announcing their destruction. Muggleton
tried to explain the text of Revelation in its own terms, he took as his text and assigned as a basis for faith Muggletonians. Postmodernism is guided by the reader and gives readers the power to interpret a text in real terms, belongs to the author.
The Muggletonians, especially after the premises are introduced by Muggleton useless prayer, public worship or preaching. The first two rituals are clearly pointless if God is deaf to world affairs. But the third does not have an understandable explanation. At first when both are considered the two witnesses and their dedication was simply to denounce people and announce its destruction, no sense preaching to make disciples, because the end was imminent. They did not encourage his followers to preach and his followers simply to study and have limited family tradition his teaching, waiting for the final day.
With the passage of time to tune many of those predictions, Muggletonians faced the situation of having to achieve more faithful as doing some preaching or proselytizing. Muggleton
same ruefully recorded in his memoirs, which his family, friends and neighbors he managed only convert their two daughters and his cousin Roger in Northamptonshire. If the truth is that those who converted to Muggletonians did as a result of inward contemplation, in some cases on its own mystical experience, but not for education or direct preaching. Although in the end, as recognized by Richard Farnham and John Bull who honestly claim that his own call was the result of reading the writings Muggletonians. After the death
d
and Muggleton, the fan group was active for a while, but then was silenced its work, says he became a group in the shadows, like Freemasons, Illuminati and other movements should be secret. A Muggletonians leader of the late seventeenth century, Thomas Tomkinson tried to mitigate the implacable hostility of the original motion explaining that he could testify with reason, that reason contained in the work of daily life, through good behavior, without being what no substitute for faith, but a demonstration of this. The term "moderate right" was coined to mean subordinate reason to faith. Tomkinson, was a scholar and tried to give a kind of rational philosophy Muggletonians ideas. He had a strange fixation on the biblical book of Judas, coming to give publicity to a case book of Enoch, which quotes the apostolic letter, as this rediscovered the book was of vital importance as announcing the end of the world.
Thomas Tomkinson Treaty on the Letter of Jude and the famous book of Enoch
Tomkinson For the time had finally accepted some doctrines that were not originally accepted in full, leaving his credo thus summarized:
Christ is God,
"The nature of the Trinity
" The Devil can not be found anywhere, but if the man
-soul must die to await the resurrection body
"The doctrine of the two seeds which predominates.
"Predestination
-Resurrection for the saints
Tomkinson argues that God can not be an infinite spirit, otherwise we all have something of that spirit within us and there would be an eternal distinction between creature and Creator changing immutable. Tomkinson was by far the most prolific writer Muggletonians, and for centuries his writings have been studied from the movement.
But the passing of time off and obscuring the movement Muggletonians practically limited to being a body of philosophical discussion, but a religious group, the silence of his work just a testament to their existence. Only brief mentions in books or journals, they note its existence. For example, in an edition of 1739 of the History of London, mention is made of two Muggletonians meeting places in and Aldersgate Southwack, but for the nineteenth century, those congregations were gone.
In 1846, he knew a Muggletonians Fresta named Isaac who published the book Two Systems of Astronomy, a book that defended well illustrated by antinewtoniana cosmology which postulated the Muggletonians. This activity was the brainchild of Isaac and his brother Joseph who having made his fortune in the copper smelting business of Derby continued to spend significant sums to the publication of his texts once they had moved to London. Much of the dedication of the Muggletonians was the subject chronologically, and numerology, besides the prophetic, but not so high-profile appeals to their origins.
faith to public attention in 1979 when Mr Philip Noakes Muggletonians last known, died on 26 February of that year, records of the movement, which he had kept, were transferred to the British Library. Many others of the published works of Muggletonians are still available at the Library Postal Westcliffe-Over-Sea, Essex. There remains much of the Muggletonians file including correspondence, papers general and historical interest publications.
Besides being the first to reject the idea of \u200b\u200bthe immortal soul, introduced Christianity in the third century, the path taken by these enlightened was not the most accurate, especially in rejecting the preaching or evangelism, work for which the Christianity has come so far. But his efforts to seek understanding of prophecy, but perhaps too early in the century XVII, with the aim of Reeve and Muggleton to be those two witnesses, may have inspired other major millennial movements that would emerge in the nineteenth century .
was Thomas Tany, who around the year 1626 had announced that he was a descendant of one of the tribes of Israel, more specifically from the tribe of Reuben, and that God had commissioned to gather the lost tribes in England.
The English preacher, born into a farming family, was a self-taught, it is said, the seven years he learned to read and write, almost single-handedly. Later in his mind, too, took depth Bible studies. Influenced by reading the Old Testament and the emergence of great prophets, he felt compelled to copy your system and apply it to Christianity, but with a special and peculiar interpretation. He felt his purpose was to commission and return to Israel as Zion Bible prophecies and incorporate new nation, from which brighten to all peoples. He came to change his name and brought together Tany Theauraujohn a small group of supporters who began to live in tents in the center of the camp set up a sort of tent-like Moses and Aaron in the desert. Tany
interpreted the United announced millennium in Revelation, was the restoration in Israel of the Kingdom of God, interpreting literally the words of Paul in the Epistle to the Romans, which states: P ecause I would not, brethren, the sacred secret, lest discrete you be your own eyes: a dulling of sensibilities has happened in part to Israel until the full number of people of the nations has come and so all Israel shall be saved. Just as it is written: "There shall come out of Zion the Deliverer and away from Jacob ungodly practices. (Romans 11:25,26) . interpreting these words literally identified as the deliverer to mentioned there, creating a sort of Jewish millenarianism, which was no doubt an inspiration for other movements later. He even published a pamphlet, with the help of a rich businessman known as Captain Robert Norwood, who covered the printing costs.
His message was strong, denouncing the clergy with harsh words: are as dumb evil dogs, shearing rather than help poor people , Tany said. While he spoke of bringing together Israel, that does not mention him away from Christ and the gospel, that way seems to be to create a new kind of Judaizing Christianity because it was circumcised and began to implement certain provisions of the law, including the Sabbath. He was accused of certain disturbances in London in those years, some riots and arson and other attacks, which led him to prison for some time. Because of these difficulties apparently went to the Netherlands, changed his name again by that of Johoram collide with the aim of bringing together the lost tribes in the Netherlands, but there they lost his trail, some say it is possible to die in a flooding due to their habit of living in tents.
According to his detractors, Tany's writings, now lost most touching themes of the varied and confusing, among other things, spoke of magic and mysticism, alchemy and astrology, numerology and angelology. It is said that he devoted much of his time reading works related to Neo-Platonism and Gnosticism, he realción with certain concepts of the Rosicrucians, reading and interpreting the Kabbalah. Although many of these claims have no firm basis. Their sources were varied, although they seem to have included almanacs, popular prophecies, and legal treatises, including the Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs and other books relating to Jewish mysticism. After his death, his disciples were dispersed and disappeared soon his legacy.
On the other hand had also emerged for the first decades of this century, the figure of a dark lit named John Robins, a former member of Ranters, who reportedly stated that it was the incarnation of Christ. Ensuring that came to judge the living and the dead, as was the Christ, his power had risen and had redeemed Cain and Judas Iscariot, and Jeremiah had also risen and many of the Old Testament prophets. His followers claimed to possess prodigious talents, making some strange effects on his wanderings through the cities with their message. No doubt it was usually charlatans who used magic tricks to use with certain devices manufactured by them to impress and attract followers behind them.
But this kind of enlightened, inspiring others and somehow influenced the emergence of a stream of characters that is attached himself to be recipients of household goods and special commissions, faced each other, as George Fox himself, founder of the Quakers struggled to not be identified or confused with some of them, as often imitated his style.
THE Muggletonians: INTERPRETING THE APOCALYPSE
In that line came another move that was a little further, making a pair of illuminated in the prophets of God. The motion in question was known for Muggletonians Church, which although not a preacher or missionary character, unlike the aforementioned, survived until very into the twentieth century. The name comes from one of its originators, Ludowicke Muggleton, London Taylor, born in 1609 who had contact with the Ranters and other radical groups of a spiritual nature, like the followers of Robins and Tany. Disabused of these, he joined his cousin John Reeve, also a tailor and a deep spiritual nature.
John Reeve, born in the small town of Wiltshire, England, was a visionary who in 1651 claimed to have received a personal revelation from God that this had instructed him to direct the call Third Committee in preparation for the final days of earth . Did call himself as "Reeves" or New Vespers It is also considered the Prophet of God in the manner of Moses, and Muggleton, as the new Aaron.
This light, called his mission, the Third Committee, considering that the work of Moses and Israel, was the first, Jesus and Christianity was the second and the was considered the third and final chance at redemption of mankind.
That happened on February 5, 1651, as Reeve's own account by the voice of the words of Christ, who gave orders include the following:
- I've given you all the understanding of Scripture above all men in the world. "It looks on the inside, there you will see the Kingdom of Heaven and the Kingdom of Hell. "I have chosen as the last messenger to a great commission, go to the bloody world of unbelievers. And Lodowick Muggleton have given the privilege of being your mouth. "I put the double-edged sword of my spirit in your mouth, so whoever I pronounced blessed by the mouth of yours, is blessed for all eternity, and whoever I damn rule by mouth to yours will be damned eternity.
also denounced the work of other enlightened of his time as Thomas Tany whom they accused of being 'a fake priest' and forgery of a prophet, marking it as a rant and his group the cave of Cain. John Robins was identified as the Antichrist because according to Reeve believed he was exalted in the place of God.
By April 1651, Muggleton had begun to feel doubts that haunted him, especially related to traditional doctrines of Anglicanism and persistent in Protestantism, including the fire of hell, the idea of \u200b\u200ban immortal soul, in direct contradiction to the teaching Biblical resurrection of the just and unjust. Since I could not find answers in the religious establishment of his time, he sought among the most obscure. Finally concluded that he must leave everything in God's hands. Especially when according to him, began to experience revelations that explained the meaning of writing. In February in 1651 his cousin John Reeve, who worked in the same workshop that ran suffered similar experiences was when the two began a mission.
At that time the book of Revelation, was rarely considered among Protestant movements, we saw what Luther thought the Book of Revelation, as in his Treatise on the New Testament books, criticized the book saying that it is neither apostolic nor prophetic, but if you wrote a bygone interpretation of its meaning. Calvin declined to comment on the complex biblical book, in fact even to accept it, was the only book of the New Testament did not write any comments, so the Calvinist groups, whether Presbyterians or Puritans, just took it as a study book. The Anabaptists considered the idea only previously understood by Waldensian and applying the term Paulicians Babylon the Great of Chapter 17 to the Church of Rome. And Baptists considered only in their meetings and studies, the first five chapters and the last two. True, the naturalist and Egyptologist Joseph Mede, a friend of Newton wrote in 1627 Clavis Apocalyptica, in which he explained his interpretation of the mysterious book, influencing the thinking and vision of others, including one's own Newton, who was also a student of Revelation, but we'll give the account in a later chapter.
Therefore, the interpretation of Reeve and Muggleton began to teach his followers about prophetic symbols of Revelation was revolutionary at the time. Among other things gave a different explanation of prophecies that in most cases they are applied to themselves. For example according to Revelation chapter 11 referred to two witnesses appointed by God, who preach to an unbelieving world, under trials and sufferings, in preparation for the beginning of the final days. Reeve and Muggleton were identified by their disciples as the two witnesses of Revelation. The Millennium issue was a topic almost forgotten since the time of Augustine of Hippo, but they started talking time it as close and as something that literally fulfilled. Soon its apocalyptic messages were echoed in the beleaguered London.
Soon had made those two lighted what would be the basis for a new religion, far from what they considered false religion of Satan. The six principles of Muggletonians are summarized in the following ideas:
"There is no God, but if the glorious Man Christ Jesus.
"There is no devil, it is the reason that dirty men.
"Heaven is an abode of light infinite and beyond the stars.
-The Instead of Hell will this earth when the sun, moon and stars are extinguished.
-Angels are the only beings of Pure Reason.
-El Alma dies with the body and thus be raised in the resurrection.
As for the origin of evil, but did not accept the Calvinist view of predetermination, spoke on a doctrine called for the two seeds. According to this, the natural process of generation did that, even at the time of Noah, all the people had in them something of September and some of Cain. The Muggletonians call this the doctrine of two seeds, the seed of the woman and the seed of the serpent. Therefore there is always conflict within each person, as the seed of evil moves us commit crimes and do bad, and the seed of good to the search for God.
also said to not accept the trinity, but in reality simply because they did not accept the idea as the Council of Nicea said, but simply asserted that God is Christ and that is, the Holy Spirit is not mentioned for this were accused of being anti-Trinitarian.
The Muggletonians had a hostility to philosophical reason, a biblical understanding of how the universe works and a belief that God appeared directly on this earth as Jesus Christ. A belief that God is therefore not observe or intervene in daily events on land and generally do not intervene to take action to bring the world to an end.
The Muggletonians have avoided all forms of worship, including rituals, public prayer or preaching, and in the past, has been found only for the discussion of his writings or to socialize among their members. The movement was egalitarian, apolitical, peace and evangelism resolution has been avoided.
The Spiritual Transcendence Treaty became the main book Muggletonians. Written in first person by John Reeve, but appears under both names Reeve and Muggleton, considered by them as the latest true witnesses. The book was printed in 1652 in a second edition slightly different from the first, the following year. This was intended as a message of Christ to which they were chosen as the last prophet and precursor of the reappearance of God in the heavens above the earth on the Day of Judgement.
In 1653 both were convicted on the basis of denying the Trinity and sentenced to six months in the correctional Old Bridewell. During this period, Reeve wrote another booklet entitled Protest Eternal God, was printed and published by Jeremiah Mount and well received by people eager to learn new ideas. Reeve was so sure of himself, I get to write another book of his called Divine Mirror in 1656, more indicating its position as a prophet. At the opening of this book states that all Scripture comes from divine inspiration or human imagination, saying only the Commission of the last witnesses was of divine origin. In a letter written on August 15, 1656 to Alice Webb said if the Lord Jesus not our witness testifies and makes clear that he has sent us a few months then you may conclude that there has never been any true prophet.
At the same time going into poverty, partly because it was his full time to his work, leaving his family financially supplement, which by common consent must feed his wife, working, but in 1656, died this and the situation of Reeve, it becomes more complicated, ongoing incarceration will cause a disease that did not come out, dying in 1658.
members achieved a degree of public notoriety curse those who insulted their faith publicly, this was done in front of the temples Puritans, Quakers and other faiths of which receive more critical. This practice, which proved incredibly effective, stopped in mid-nineteenth century. But also brought them much persecution and imprisonment both its originators and those who succeeded them. After Reeve's death in 1658 Lodowicke Muggleton became sole leader of the group as the prophet exclusive. Muggleton eventually made changes to many of the ideals of John Reeve. For example, introduced the idea that God deliberately ignores the daily activities and does not interfere in human affairs. Some of his followers did not like this because it denies any personal relationship between the believer and God. This led, at one point in the history of Muggletonians, a division, there were those who felt they had more in common with John Reeve and Muggleton Lodowicke least.
The reasons why the changes occurred in the way of understanding some original ideas was that John Reeve was an ideologue something exalted while Muggleton had the virtues of a quiet man, and weighed more issues. On the other hand Reeve lived for six years in the faith, Muggleton 46. Reeve had announced calamities against London, which softened after his death Muggleton, otherwise it would become clear, since those harbingers of Reeve, never fulfilled. Muggleton
The animosity toward the Quakers, who should consider closer apparently due to three reasons. First, he believed guilty of witchcraft spiritual, that the claim of George Fox to be presumed to have cured some people, Muggleton saw it as a manipulation of Fox to attract supporters, believed that faith should be free and people should close to it without coercion or reward in sight. Second, the bounty of the doctrines among the Quakers, he considered the irreducible Ranters, it is possible that there might come accusations that linked with them, because to preach a religion without creeds. Third, the church Muggletonians considered the seventh, and last, the last day antiiglesia of days and so its very existence was seen as the removal of each and the journey of the person to paradise, while the Quakers did not do enough by prophecy, or by attacking the great whore, which were considered the established church, criticized the fact that Fox, be introduced into the churches Presbyterian, Congregational and other faiths to speak in their midst and dedicated as they are not announcing their destruction. Muggleton
tried to explain the text of Revelation in its own terms, he took as his text and assigned as a basis for faith Muggletonians. Postmodernism is guided by the reader and gives readers the power to interpret a text in real terms, belongs to the author.
The Muggletonians, especially after the premises are introduced by Muggleton useless prayer, public worship or preaching. The first two rituals are clearly pointless if God is deaf to world affairs. But the third does not have an understandable explanation. At first when both are considered the two witnesses and their dedication was simply to denounce people and announce its destruction, no sense preaching to make disciples, because the end was imminent. They did not encourage his followers to preach and his followers simply to study and have limited family tradition his teaching, waiting for the final day.
With the passage of time to tune many of those predictions, Muggletonians faced the situation of having to achieve more faithful as doing some preaching or proselytizing. Muggleton
same ruefully recorded in his memoirs, which his family, friends and neighbors he managed only convert their two daughters and his cousin Roger in Northamptonshire. If the truth is that those who converted to Muggletonians did as a result of inward contemplation, in some cases on its own mystical experience, but not for education or direct preaching. Although in the end, as recognized by Richard Farnham and John Bull who honestly claim that his own call was the result of reading the writings Muggletonians. After the death
d
and Muggleton, the fan group was active for a while, but then was silenced its work, says he became a group in the shadows, like Freemasons, Illuminati and other movements should be secret. A Muggletonians leader of the late seventeenth century, Thomas Tomkinson tried to mitigate the implacable hostility of the original motion explaining that he could testify with reason, that reason contained in the work of daily life, through good behavior, without being what no substitute for faith, but a demonstration of this. The term "moderate right" was coined to mean subordinate reason to faith. Tomkinson, was a scholar and tried to give a kind of rational philosophy Muggletonians ideas. He had a strange fixation on the biblical book of Judas, coming to give publicity to a case book of Enoch, which quotes the apostolic letter, as this rediscovered the book was of vital importance as announcing the end of the world. Thomas Tomkinson Treaty on the Letter of Jude and the famous book of Enoch
Tomkinson For the time had finally accepted some doctrines that were not originally accepted in full, leaving his credo thus summarized:
Christ is God,
"The nature of the Trinity
" The Devil can not be found anywhere, but if the man
-soul must die to await the resurrection body
"The doctrine of the two seeds which predominates.
"Predestination
-Resurrection for the saints
Tomkinson argues that God can not be an infinite spirit, otherwise we all have something of that spirit within us and there would be an eternal distinction between creature and Creator changing immutable. Tomkinson was by far the most prolific writer Muggletonians, and for centuries his writings have been studied from the movement.
But the passing of time off and obscuring the movement Muggletonians practically limited to being a body of philosophical discussion, but a religious group, the silence of his work just a testament to their existence. Only brief mentions in books or journals, they note its existence. For example, in an edition of 1739 of the History of London, mention is made of two Muggletonians meeting places in and Aldersgate Southwack, but for the nineteenth century, those congregations were gone.
In 1846, he knew a Muggletonians Fresta named Isaac who published the book Two Systems of Astronomy, a book that defended well illustrated by antinewtoniana cosmology which postulated the Muggletonians. This activity was the brainchild of Isaac and his brother Joseph who having made his fortune in the copper smelting business of Derby continued to spend significant sums to the publication of his texts once they had moved to London. Much of the dedication of the Muggletonians was the subject chronologically, and numerology, besides the prophetic, but not so high-profile appeals to their origins.
faith to public attention in 1979 when Mr Philip Noakes Muggletonians last known, died on 26 February of that year, records of the movement, which he had kept, were transferred to the British Library. Many others of the published works of Muggletonians are still available at the Library Postal Westcliffe-Over-Sea, Essex. There remains much of the Muggletonians file including correspondence, papers general and historical interest publications.
Besides being the first to reject the idea of \u200b\u200bthe immortal soul, introduced Christianity in the third century, the path taken by these enlightened was not the most accurate, especially in rejecting the preaching or evangelism, work for which the Christianity has come so far. But his efforts to seek understanding of prophecy, but perhaps too early in the century XVII, with the aim of Reeve and Muggleton to be those two witnesses, may have inspired other major millennial movements that would emerge in the nineteenth century .
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