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Nineteenth Century American Christianity: Many fro

words begin this chapter, "many fro", is a collation prophetic conclusions recorded in Daniel 12:4. Many fro, and knowledge will become abundant . Words that many religious movements have been applied to the developments experienced in the period covered by the final decades of the eighteenth century until the late nineteenth century, this period of great spiritual awakening and of great importance and the resurgence of many new movements that seek to scriptural truth hidden for centuries.

Something certainly help this new drive to seek truth, digging into the origins, was the arrival of so-called Bible, which were nothing more than groups sponsored by religious groups, or directly by individual decisions of people who wanted the Bible really come at all. Thus from the outset, the purpose was to form nonprofit corporations and multi-, whose meaning was put into circulation as many Bibles as possible. The first of these, or was the BFBS British and Foreign Bible Society, organized in London in 1804. While in Germany and in 1710 had formed the Biblical Institution of Halle, in order to help in Bible study and translation, also was formed in 1780 Naval and Military Bible Society, the latter, in order to deliver Bibles to soldiers and sailors. But these attempts had failed to reach beyond certain guilds or limited populations.

early nineteenth century, still remains difficult and costly to acquire all translations of the Bible. In fact the birth of the first of these Bible societies, was the result of a striking experience was Thomas Charles, a Methodist preacher, who sold Bibles on demand in Wales. As it was, up came a young woman named Mary Jones, who was looking forward to have her own Bible and to do had made a long journey in search of the holy book. Although the specimens that had Thomas, were reserved, at first refused. However he had no choice but to sell one to this noble woman, for their enthusiasm and eagerness to look, apparently cried and begged for, paying anything for it. This suggested the preacher in great need of Bibles that were in his time and launched a struggle to organize a foundation on which through external grants could publish many Bibles for the benefit of the rural and national levels.

The project came to fruition when Charles Thomas was presented in December 1802, to the Religious Tract Society in London, and was very well received. Another preacher, in this case, the Baptist Joseph Hughes suggested going even further and do it globally. A statement attributed to this is: "Without doubt it would have to form a partnership with this purpose and if we do it for Wales Why not for the empire and the whole world? Thus was born the BFBS. From this, other Bible societies emerged in different countries of Anglo-Saxon world, especially in America, even go so far as India.

turn of the century Bible societies had achieved the Bible were to be published in whole or in part in 567 languages, and by 1928, in 856 languages. In 1938 the figure exceeded one thousand languages, and now the Bible is available in over 2400 languages, some even alphabet and writing were invented to achieve it. In 1946 he took an important step when, in a meeting in England with representatives of the Bible societies of 13 countries, were the United Bible Societies, to coordinate the activities of its members throughout the world.

Another way which is increasingly available in this new century, was printed publications, were numerous magazines, brochures and other regular publications that started out religious at the time, which gave another boost to the dissemination of knowledge and doctrinal development. Many alternative Christianity emerged in this century made use of these means have subscribers coming in very distant from the center of action.

On the other hand, the Pietist movement in some way made part of Protestantism mobilize for greater evangelization. Therefore missionary services were instituted, which led to many missionaries from different Christian denominations to bring their areas until that time impregnable. Many Pacific islands, end East, and Africa, Christianity began to see another very different from the Catholic conquistadors had forced to accept, even becoming the Protestant the first to know.

also be seen in this century, the emergence of several religious movements that have grown to become the most active to this day, managing to reach the most distant planet, with little means and especially without the support of nations or governments, as happened with the major religious movements within Protestantism.

attention should be here as he lived this period the Catholic Church who saw much of the Americas, mostly to the north, fell into the trap of Protestantism in all its branches. Multi-religious emerged there was evidence not only of religious division of Protestantism, but of the Catholic decline and lost influence. So I was determined not to allow other places to the south fell into the same dynamic.

Thus in countries dominated by France, Spain and Portugal, continued the inquisition and cruel persecution of dissent again used again soon banished the Jesuits, who in this century will be restored, to do against this religious revival in the north. But the arrival of the French Revolution and the independence of almost all nations of America, and the consequent zeal of many Christian movements made while the Catholic church has remained a majority in most nations resulting free But in most cases, have not come to have immense power they had in European countries.

Several popes of the time wanted to respond by seeking political support, to crush to any alternative movement in their countries. The same Pope Pius IX, who convened the First Vatican Council, which was established papal infallibility and who also proclaimed the dogma of the Immaculate Conception of Mary, was a strong fighter against religious freedom and church-state separation, how well they had come to stop Protestant progress in Europe.

Pope Pius IX, known for introducing the papal infallibility, the doctrine of the immaculate conception of Mary, but especially for his fierce opposition to the translation of the Bible

The pope himself was a controversial opposition to the translation of the Bible and this was demonstrated by their views as unfavorable to the Bible societies, as if it were a greater danger than atheism, they wrote in a his encyclicals sent to all countries of its influence: These are the sects clandestine departures from the darkness to the ruin and destruction of church and state, condemned by our predecessors, the Roman Pontiffs, with repeated anathemas his apostolic letter, the which we, with all power, uphold, and command that are observed with all diligence. Such are the wise Societies Bible, which, by renewing the old ways of heretics, cease not to adulterate the meaning of the sacred books and translated into any vulgar language against the most sacred rules of the Church, and performed frequently with false explanations, distributed free of charge, large number of copies, and huge expenditures, the men of any condition, even the toughest, so that, leaving aside the divine tradition, the doctrine of the Fathers and the authority of the Catholic Church, each interpreter to taste what God has revealed, perverting their true meaning and falling into serious errors. In such societies, Gregory XVI, who, without deserving it, we succeeded in office, following the example of predecessors, failed with his apostolic letter, and also the reprove us. ( encyclical Pope Pius IX, November 9, 1846 "Qui pluribus" para 9)

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few years later in 1864, in his encyclical Quanta Cura, lists these Bible societies at the level of socialism , communism, secret societies (in clear reference to Freemasonry), and mentions them as pests to be destroyed at all costs.

The pope himself elaborated against the trends that were single or antitrinitarian taking shape and that resurfaced with force in the nineteenth century, and warned against this: not ignorant that are also in our times who, moved by the spirit of Satan and incited by him to reach such wickedness are not afraid to attack the King himself, our Lord Jesus Christ, deny your divinity criminal obscenity. And now we can not but praise you, venerable Brothers, to the best and most well-deserved words, with apostolic zeal as you have never ceased to raise our voice against impiety so great bishop. (Encyclical Quanta Cura parr9)

The Catholic world watched in amazement the advance of ideas, the result of higher biblical research and strongly entrenched doctrines were shaken for years. Not only is the Trinity, but to Hell fire, the immortality of the soul and the separation of church and state, everything is questioned and looked at the lens of biblical research. As also appeared aided by archeology, manuscripts closest to the originals, which were compared by scholars now neutral and aid a better translation and definition of the terms of the Bible. For that reason, the Church was contrary to the advancement of knowledge did in America and threatening to reach everywhere and especially in the area of \u200b\u200bCatholic influence.

it is curious that the text of Daniel 12:4, used as the vanguard of those times, the church tried to change, manipulation that has come up a few decades ago. So while the commonly used Bibles full text reads: And as for you, O Daniel, make secret the words and seal the book until the end of time. Many fro, and knowledge will become abundant . "(T. New World). This last sentence other translations put it: many shall run to and fro and knowledge shall increase (Reina Valera 1989), will be many, and science has multiplied. (Cassiodorus Reina 1865); until many are taught, and knowledge is increased (Translation Kadosh, Messianic Jewish studies); Many will read and increase their knowledge . (Nacar-Colunga). The same idea appears in the King James Version, of Rotherham and other major Protestant English.

But Catholic immobility test, was the fact not only continue to deny freedom of translation of the scriptures, but his attempt to maintain or introduce surreptitiously expureos texts or badly translated, and precisely the text of Daniel , is one of them.

Bibles In Church officials have refused to correct some of his translations, a form expurea of \u200b\u200bDaniel 12:4. So we see a classic way to pour the words of Daniel in the first editions of the Jerusalem Bible: Many walk wandering here and there, and iniquity will grow " (Jerusalem Bible 1976, 1 st and 2 nd edition) or English version of Jünemann who pours it like this: until they have finished raving many and land fills injustice. A difference so substantial that completely changes the meaning of the prophecy as referring that the outcome of the investigation would only bring more violence and lawlessness. But older versions do not include this change so drastically, in fact we have examples like the following: In the version of Torres Amat 1825, transcribed the text as follows: until many are taught, and knowledge is increased.

Why is adultery in later versions of the text, to the point of having a meaning opposite to the original?

Jünemann For the first translator of the Bible in English Catholic America, so in the case of the Old Testament supposedly from the Septuagint. Well then this makes several errors, one was removed some text from sources other than the Greek Septuagint itself. Jünemann uses including the Textus Receptus, which contains several sets of later editions, some of whom are from medieval scribes, mostly monks of the Western World, and other texts in which the error also reported centuries ago by Isaac Newton in 1 John 5:7,8. And the change made in Isaiah 63:9.

According to the authors and the Church itself, the Jerusalem version was the first Catholic version of the Bible that is not limited to translating Latin Vulgate version of Jerome to the vernacular, but that goes to the Greek and Hebrew manuscripts, ultimately delivering high quality work. But what sets manuscripts? In the same adulterated that Jünemann and other copied? Were the Erasmus refused to wear and Newton complained? Interestingly it looks like it was so, since even in the Latin Vulgate text itself points in other directions other than the official Church, and so the Latin phrase: multiplex erit scientia (fold increase in the science or knowledge) . In the Hebrew texts appear more reliable: tarab shu-ra-da bah-ath (knowledge will be increased). Never is the word violence and lawlessness in the oldest manuscripts in the original languages.

There is no official explanation for the subject, or notes in the Bibles above, explaining the reasons for this change, but the passage of time and the weight of the evidence, have made in recent versions Jerusalem Bible itself, was restored in its original text. Arriving late, like many things, like Galileo or forgiveness apology for the excesses of the Inquisition, when they made such acts were gone.

So we can say that if the seventeenth and XVIII, gave rise to large Protestant churches of America, as we saw, Baptists, Methodists, Presbyterians, Congregationalists and many other Anabaptist and Pietist-inspired. In the nineteenth century, began a proliferation of beliefs and the reopening of issues, which until that time were untouchable in Christianity. Issues ranging from the purest style revivals mountains like those made by the Pentecostals, the so-called gifts of the spirit, (miracles, healings, speaking in tongues), around the millenarianism of the early days of Christianity, or questioning immutable doctrines at that time, as the immortal soul, hell fire, or the Trinity.

arise in one century, an amalgam of all ideologies, the result in part to the enhanced release of the scriptures and written numerous studies, translated into English, which previously only connoisseurs of Latin could access.

religious freedom in America was considered an essential part in its formation as a nation, not just in U.S. but in Canada, did not happen in Europe, where it still looked evil or persecuting those who disagreed in most cases had to flee, as we saw it happen with many minorities even in the tolerant Russia at that time, when from the mid-century from different minority ideologies had to leave their land and take refuge in the New World. Thus the number of religions that emerge from what would then mainly in North America and not Europe.

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River Brothers and Sisters in Christ, the Methodist influence

Martin Boehm, the first to introduce Methodism Mennonites

In 1715, reached the coast of another wave of Mennonites in Pennsylvania, on a boat named "Maria hope ", from Switzerland, traveled with them a successful landowner named Jacob Boehm, who upon arriving at free land in America, bought large tracts of land in South Philadelphia, where she helped settlers establish a colony of Mennonites. In the religious sense, said his son Martin Boehm, who came to be appointed minister or elder in the community.

But Martin entertained ideas more open about the sobriety and simplicity of Mennonite life. He also felt an overwhelming spiritual void in their community, which practically based their religion at work and farm work and strict moral standards and personal appearance, but away from the spiritual and evangelical Christianity to be identified.

addition coincided with two other ministers Mennonite the brothers Jacob and John Engle, who also burned with desire to show greater religious fervor and more contact and knowledge of the scriptures. The preaching of Martin, was moving toward a more fervent, near Methodist style with aggressive slogans and speeches. This affected in some way in the Engle, who were attracted by his strong personality and had in fact been baptized by Boehm.

The community to which they belonged had settled near the Susquehanna River and thus began performing baptisms there, that custom would emerge the name by which the group became known later, "the brothers River. But led by Boehm, usually those baptisms were previously introduced by the emotion and the strongest speeches of this. This caught the attention of other Mennonite ministers, who did not like the tone or the interpretations made by Boehm. ;

However, Boehm continued his work and in 1761 became superintendent Mennonite, exercising the highest authority in the local council of elders. When used to promote his personal ideas on the direction the movement should take Mennonite, their ideals were in fact based on assumptions Methodists, perhaps for some contacts that Martin had with them, years ago.

Meanwhile all that small but lively group now led by Jacob and John Engle grew, it also distanced itself came Boehm, to the point they were approaching the Dunkers or German Baptist brethren, because they saw in them much spirituality and appreciated his style to study group meetings, the pietistic style more direct. Were devoted to the study of doctrines, but did not develop or provide any change or return to the origins, in what respects doctrine.

So like the dunkers, rejected traditional faiths, but were not beyond the doctrine of the Trinity, also accepted the idea of \u200b\u200bthe immortal soul, life expectancy in the sky. On the other hand they made a curious form of baptism, practiced what is known as triple immersion, in relation to Jesus' command to baptize in the name of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit. Well established that this was the only appropriate form of baptism, also applied the confession of sins to God and man, and observance of the Lord's Supper accompanied by the ceremony known feetwashing, was a ceremonial washing of the feet between all the gathered community.

also practiced simplicity and ease in your life and dress, although by the end nineteenth century, had left strict dress of the Amish and other Mennonites. Even if they impose certain forms, such as wearing headscarves in the prayers of women.

The issue of baptism definitely separated the Dunkers (German Baptist brethren), this was about for 1780 years in which established on a more independent and organized the new church. In late 1780 he wrote a confession of faith, itself, which incurred some of the precepts and beliefs mentioned above. The first confessional statement of 1780, and subsequent, still reflect in some way Pietist and Anabaptist influences which gave rise to the movement.

is famous too, its rejection and harsh accusations against the secret societies such as Freemasonry and other secret orders such as the Illuminati and Rosicrucians, who were being introduced in the nineteenth century America, accusing them of being anti-Christian . On the other hand, were the first to religiously opposed to the use of snuff, saying that it was against biblical principles. Also like all Anabaptist groups, opposed the war, alcohol, snuff, and other worldly pleasures.

The path taken by its originator, Martin Boehm, was very different and more away even the traditional menon. In 1791, Boehm donated a large portion of land to the Methodists to build some kind of religious building. That same year he was build a great church and was called the "Boehm's Chapel." This provoked the reaction of all the elderly Mennonites, who almost immediately expelled from its ranks Boehm.

In 1800, after being expelled from the Mennonites, Boehm, along with Philip William Otterbein, a former Methodist minister, also from Lancaster wanted to reform the foundations of Methodism, by introducing certain provisions of its previous religious formation, forming the United Brethren Church in Christ, and they became the first two bishops of that movement. In 1802, Boehm joined the Methodist Episcopal Church while he was still bishop of the United Brethren. That shows he was a leading man with character, but without a clear way forward.

Meanwhile, the group led by brothers Engle, was thriving, although the organization at first was very easy and simple, when faced with a significant increase in their ranks, made necessary a reorganization, in which ecclesiastical charges were accepted as a kind of general superintendents bishops or guarding the unity of the different congregations, this happened in 1820. One of the most critical times suffered by the brotherhood of Rio, was during the American civil war, to be called up, were often accused of unpatriotic and therefore sought ways to obtain recognition as a pacifist organization, as already achieved that consideration Quakers and Amish.

steps to get this recognition occurred in 1862, in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, which had headquarters. But by that time had begun to approach by a large group to the most radical of Wesley.

This caused a rift between the more traditional, recalling who once refused to join in that effort Boehm close to Methodism, but these were in the minority. This process would take about twenty years, since 1843, when brothers separated the Old Order River, who kept away from the Methodist tradition. Subsequently, the expulsion of Bishop arise Matías Brins for organizing their own religious center, which wanted to conduct their own independent Bible study, then, it was established as the undisputed leader and organized his followers into a separate group , originally known as Children of Zion joined subsequently formed after his expulsion from the so-called United Church of Zion, with no ideological difference with respect to the brothers in Christ, and is today a group of minority purely evangelist.

The Church of Saints Calvary began in 1963, just one year after seeking legal recognition, after which the majority group, far and to its beginnings, took the name of "Brothers in Christ", not to be confused by the many factions that Methodism was getting closer.

So for the time being recognized as a religious institution, there were several groups apart, even some who called themselves Brothers of the River, initially had a good number of faithful members of the Mennonite tradition. But the decline of traditional River Brothers was notable because in 1890 there were nine congregations one each in several counties in Pennsylvania and four in Dickinson County. Participating members at that time were 588. During the next fifteen years, were forced to migrate from Pennsylvania to Kansas and there was no increase and adding some defections and deaths, and by 1906 the total membership in Kansas totaled just 450. It is known that there are four factions that claim to be the original Brothers River in about 300 congregations, various factions of River Brethren withdrew in the middle of the nineteenth century, including the Yorker Brethren and the Zion United Church, of whom little is known.

All these changes led to an uproar in the Mennonite community, to the extent that the Amish do, take away the final determination of all these subgroups and not participate in its modernization, as did the German Baptist brethren , who fought to keep intact its traditions at the expense of extremely isolated in the world.

other hand are now called "Brothers in Christ" have grown into a more evangelical group, dropped out of community life, austere and clothing simple life. In 1904 the organization was incorporated under the laws of Pennsylvania and recognized by that name in that year, having the central office in Harrisburg.

organization also adapted very differently to traditional Mennonite model and included a system of district governments, state councils, and a general conference. The officers of the church in the early 1950's were bishops, ministers, and deacons. The bishops preside over all council meetings, marriages and enforcement of ordinances, and all the functions of the ministry. The name was a slow transition but not return in which it went from a system in which living elders or pastors of their own income to become a ministry car supported by contributions and hired herders.

However over time some names Mennonites, Hutterites, Brethren in Christ and Amish, sought again the unity that once enjoyed, for it was founded in 1920, with funding from congregations in Canada, USA and The Netherlands, the Mennonite Central Committee, to help their brothers in Ukraine, affected by the suffering caused by the First World War and the subsequent civil war. Since then, the Committee has been successful campaigns to assist in all world poor and affected by natural disasters or wars, regardless of the beliefs of people receiving aid. But you have to do with certain procedures and standards, have never reached a consensus that had once been.

The name Mennonite is still used by minority churches pentecostal and evangelical in nature, but certainly has nothing to do with that movement established by Menno Simons, except common doctrines of Protestantism, very mixed with touches of Pietism, Methodism, and only having in common the custom of baptizing adults.

For Brothers in Christ, Mennonite and other evangelical groups, particularly in South America have forgotten the anti-war and anti-political character of its origins, as some famous pastors and prominent members have been active in politics, performing at local elections, even as part of government in some countries and many base members have no qualms in joining the military.

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Pietism and the Order of German Baptist brethren

Philip Jakob Spener

, founder of Pietism.

Mennonite movement in parallel to the seventeenth century, there would be other movements that although their roots or part of them in the movement initiated by Menno Simons, but have moved away from the precepts of Mennonite leader. In other cases, while still keeping the traditions of simplicity, pacifism and adult baptism, but other movements over time will distance themselves from the simplicity and virtue that originally sought Mennonites.

One of the most former was the so-called Tunkers, who himself called themselves the Order of German Baptist brethren in America were known as Dunkers, as an evolution of the name given in Germany, Tunkers (SKIMMERS), which basically referred to the method immersing the whole body for baptism. The group was organized by Alexander Mack and other friends who came from Pietism, but somehow got the Mennonite influence.

Pietism was a stream of Lutheranism, which sought to study the Bible, a rapprochement to real Christianity, did not accept the style of sermon, which were in the cold religious gatherings of the churches. It was founded by Philip Jakob Spener in Leipzig in 1689, when it began holding meetings in his home, meetings that they called "Collegia pietatis, hence the name of piety.

Spener, born in Ribeauvillé, on January 23, 1635, was at the University of Strasbourg, became a theologian. With time and embraced the Lutheran Reformation was concerned with religious education, to the extent of promoting Bible study, prayer and personal meditation. From his idea was called doctrine of Pietism, especially in the wake of a letter she had written entitled "Pious Wishes" in 1675. In defended the participation of the laity in the church, believing that every Christian has the right and obligation to do thorough study of their faith. Pietism became a major force in Germany and came to spread in England and some American colonies. This system emphasized the study of the Bible and religion as a personal experience they saw as the essential need to be a true Christian. That vision of a humanity in need of the gospel of Christ promoted the onset and rapid expansion of missionary both locally and abroad.

Officially, the movement began in Leipzig, with the famous house meetings in Spener, they Collegia pietatis composed of members with no religious qualification, showed very rapid progress. In Germany would hold in the first instance Berleburg, thanks to Count Casimir von Wittgenstein, who often gave shelter and support the movement and many members fleeing the taunts and persecutions that took account of their clandestine meetings, clerics denounced by opponents.

One of those who sought asylum was Johann Haug, was forced to flee his home in Strasbourg due to the intolerance of the local theologians. Haug, scholar and skilled linguist, informed students of Berleburg his fervent desire to produce an unadulterated translation of the Bible, to correct the translation of Luther, and pour the exact meaning according to the letter and spirit of the Word of God. The goal was to produce a Bible with explanatory notes and comments, and that was understandable to the layman. Haug won the support of academics from other European countries and worked on this project for twenty years. Berleburg Bible was published from 1726 in eight volumes due to its extensive notes, but the Pietist movement also had supporters in Berlin, Augsburg, Wuttenberg and Alsace. Beleburg Up Bible

One of the most active members of pietism was Hochmann Ernest Christopher, a native of Nuremberg, was approached to Pietism at the University of Halle, where he was studying theology in 1697 was associated with Gottfried Arnold, another very pietistic active thereafter became in a restless preacher. His desire from the beginning was to create a united church, was enthusiastically proclaiming the Gospel without fear and secure potential complications that entails. It was the first to discover in his studies, teachings that came to Anabaptism. Well in its creed of 1702 he said, "Water baptism is concerned not believe that Christ instituted only for adults and not children, that is found in all the Holy Scriptures and it is a specific mandate. Faith and baptism go together. His position on government and politics is also similar to the Mennonites him, why some say it is possible to maintain some contact with them or within their study groups had some earlier Anabaptist.

education may originated by Spener and continued by Haugh, Arnold and Hochmann, itself influenced John Wesley, founder of Methodism, who through their relationship with the Moravian Brethren, met Lutheranism more spiritual. In any case, if we know for sure that it did so more directly in Alexander Mack, who moved by that spirit with a vengeance took his idea of \u200b\u200ba more active Christianity.

\u0026lt;----- Alexander Mack was born in Schriesheim, Palatinate near Baden-Württemberg, Germany, where he also worked as a miller. He was also the third son of Johann Phillip Mack Miller and his wife, Christina Fillbrun Mack, a child and was baptized a Lutheran. Completing their studies, Mack had to take over the family mill and combine work and studies, but did well to the degree to complete their studies and eventually council also their family life when he married Anna Margarethe Kling on January 18 1701.

In 1705, Mack became a close follower Hochmann, which had become an itinerant preacher of piety, who also at that time called for a separation of state churches, because they're too remote authentic Christianity. At the same time Hochmann was getting closer to the thesis Mennonites and actually said that even those in communities visited Zuzenhausen, Eppstein, Guntersblum, Mutterstadt, and Lambsheim, where he preached to them. A is joined at one point some Mennonite ministers who accompanied him, was a kind of religious fusion.

However, the effect of pietism on Mennonites was not excessive, if it is true that encouraged them focus more on their studies, but it lost some evangelical preacher and the spirit of other times, they locked themselves in their own home forgetting their assets and their desire to seek new disciples. This led to a gradual disappearance of the active Christian, who had been the goal of the early Anabaptists, Christianity replaced by emotions or feelings, which no longer an issue for state and ecclesiastical authorities, it was very personal and internal.

that effect is really contradictory because Hochmann primarily been an itinerant preacher and very active. But often the case with many Christian religious movements, initially all members are active, but then leave the work of evangelization in the hands of ministers appointed, creating a division between clergy members and religious persons. Hochaman wanted to end this, so initiated study that active spirit first, but then wanted to extend that idea through others imitated their methods. But again he met with the authorities and especially with the vision of religious clergy in this association the Lutheran, where despite the fact that Luther advocated a personal Bible study, they wanted to control what was done and how it was done.

One day at a meeting at Mack's mill, where a teaching Hochmann, presented the authorities, sent by some clerics denounced, and was arrested the spiritual leader of the group being taken to a prison in Nuremberg . However, the continuous group his work, this time led by Alexander Mack.

On 4 July of that year, came the issue of baptism, some members thought that to be true Christian, it required a new baptism, this time voluntarily. Thus Mack wrote a letter to Hochmann at Nuremberg to seek their advice concerning adult baptism. Writing from prison on July 24, Hochmann gave its approval for such a ceremony as long as it was preceded true repentance and genuine faith. Although Hochmann, basically did not believe that water baptism was essential, if you felt that if God led to some of his servants to be submerged in water as Christ had been submerged, he would have no objection.

So Mack and his understanding that Hochmann had approved his plans for a baptism, they decided to follow. That same day made a public baptism in the Eder River flowing through Schwarzenau. Baptism was immersing candidates, eight members, including Mack, three times, since they understood that the particulars of Jesus, baptize in the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, meant a triple baptism or immersion. Mack

Although by then, was barely in his twenties, was seen as a natural leader and was respected for his knowledge of the Bible and its great ability to interpret it. Shortly after speaking to a small group continued to meet regularly at home, where Bible study was a priority for worship. Soon the group became independent and separate from any other confession, to the extent that Mack began to define what would be the principles to govern and would be the basis of separation of church every state:

-The established churches have become corrupt and are not the true church.

"Many congregations do not cultivate a vital relationship with God.

-true Christianity could be found only outside the state churches.

That initial baptism in the Eder River, gave rise to some extent to his name, as they were called skimmer, for his custom to baptize in full body submerging the person in the water and not simply spraying. They, however claimed that it was the baptism in the true church established by Jesus, not as establishing a new religion. However, if requirements and formalities established for meetings and celebrations that would incorporate the group and to differentiate more traditional denominations. Among other things, initiated a re-enactment of the last Supper of Jesus, which included a meal, a foot washing service and communion bread and wine, as they felt that all that wrapped this celebration of Jesus with his apostles and not just when the bread and wine.

Although Mack was the minister adopted the newly formed group, they still considered Hochmann as its primary spiritual leader. However, until this turned them down, after his release from prison, they expressed disappointment at what Mack and the others had done and accused of starting a new denomination. This caused a split and the division of the group, one Mack supporting and others remained loyal to Hochmann.

In 1719, due to difficulties in Europe, Mack and his men embark on journey to America and settle in Pennsylvania, in Lancaster County. Although it was from 1723, when it really was organized in different group, not too many, 50 to 160 members per congregation. Thus the late twentieth century were about 175,000 members in 1070 congregations split.

Its main doctrine in rejecting traditional faiths, Protestants and Catholics, will only accept the Bible as the inspired and only infallible and NT as their rule of faith. However, despite beliefs to say no if they agree to accept the Trinity, the divinity of Christ, the Holy Spirit, and in future rewards and punishments, ie heaven and hell.

Like the Anabaptists, they observe a simple life as a maximum quality and identification of true Christianity, not understanding the world, block out the fact and not take the current currency. They are also one of the peace movement, which also opposed to secret societies, and advise against the use of snuff and the manufacture, sale and use of narcotics. And in 1782 banned its members strongly denounced slavery and the slave trade.

While at first to be resolved neutral in politics, lately it seems to have taken part in it and have relaxed their view neutral. The elders, ministers, and deacons are elected by congregations. Congregations are organized into districts, led by the annual conference.

There was a break between 1881y 1883, driven by new times and the use or not of new technologies, other than certain organizational matters and related to the sending of missionaries and evangelizing activity, where the main group, is stalling was closing in on itself as was the case with traditional Amish and Mennonite and therefore came to be known as a former Order of the brothers and the other movement more progressive and active, and at that time was about 8000 members, brothers were known as Progressive. After several years of containment of both parties were formed separate organizations.

However most progressive groups have to continue to divide, leading to another split in 1939, according to the latest statistics available, a group, the Brethren Church (Ashland, Ohio) has 15,082 members in 122 churches and the second group National Council Fellowship Brethren church has 34,000 members in more than 275 churches. There is also talk of another newly created movement known as Seventh Day Baptists

Thus the progressive movements have diverged from more traditional menon have been moving closer to cutting evangelist groups. While the old order, have stagnated in the past like the Amish.