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Dujobors: Spirit Fighters

Orthodox Church for centuries had been relatively tolerant of isolated hermits groups sprang up everywhere, as long as they do not pose a danger to his supremacy or mounted rebellions against its hierarchy. On the other hand, they held true spirit of evangelization to bring their beliefs into different directions in the vast territory of the Russian empire.

But the eighteenth century, what was missing, had emerged even divisions and disputes, we saw the stars Nikon too long ago the division of the Church of Lithuania, who rebelled against the authority of Russia. The policy went into alliance with the church and was on the subject that many of the disagreements arose. Which so far we have considered have in common the rejection of politics, hierarchy and militarism.
Under these same assumptions, Ukraine emerged in the early eighteenth century a group called the Iconobors, who opposed the use of icons in churches and the doctrine of the Trinity. This small group received a big boost in the third decade of this century, it is known that the Russian government issued a decree in 1734, chasing the dawn of such agitators, which appear to protests and riots to the output of the temples, protesting against idolatry, creating mayhem in the crowd.

But it was through the work of a hermit preacher in Ukraine, possibly khlysty origin, named Sylvan Kolesnikov, that the small group of rebels take the form of consciousness and spiritual movement. His vision of what should be a religion, marks the beginning of a more pacifist in the ways of the iconobors. Kolsnikov In 1769, the leader of convritió iconobors, who renovated and endowed with theological and ritual structure they needed. He began preaching among the peasants in many Ukrainian villages, teaching that the Holy Spirit dwells within each person who was acceptable to God. It is therefore accustomed to the new iconobors, a reverential greeting to not grieve the Spirit. He came to worship in life, as a messenger of God, and so forth have been considered as different leaders who succeeded him.

Little else is known of Sylvan Kolesnikov, unless it was from the village of Nikolskoe in the Ukrainian province Ekaterinoslav. On the other hand we know that was a man of strong personality and charisma, as many ideas that soon endorsed iconobors were similar to those of Khlysty, except in corporal punishment, some people argue that they may Kolesnikov, was a retired khlysty or disenchanted with the excesses of that group of extremists. Anyway, Kolesnikov was revered in life for his followers, who considered him as the incarnation of Christ, as taught, that Christ was merely a prophet sent by God, he gave the same account to post or Messiah.
Thus, when Kolesnikov, died in 1775, hoped that God would send another Christ. A wool merchant named Pobhirokin, was the one who assumed that responsibility, establishing from the shipment line, with absolute power over the movement. Established fact that some leader is appointed twelve apostles who served advisers and communicators of their decrees and 12 other members known as the "angels of death" who would be responsible for maintaining order and justice apply to those who disagreed or were not applying the fundamental principles that the leader imposed under threat of expulsion community. Some people accused of providing these death to anyone who would leave the community or doctrines, but those were the typical enemies falsehoods published to draw attention of the authorities and that they were persecuted.
dujobors name was imposed by his enemies, in fact, that name was used in 1785 by Ambrosius, the Archbishop of Yekaterinoslav in mockery of their ways or beliefs. They from the beginning they called themselves "People of God", but before the arrival of Kolesnikov and were known for Iconobors, which in Russian means Icons fighters. Now they are branded as Dukhobortsy, which in Russian means fighters against the spirit, by their refusal to understand the Holy Spirit as the third person of the Trinity. They admitted the name, but adapted it to Dujobors or Doukhoboris, meaning "spirit wrestlers" or fighters of the Spirit, which was closer to his way of seeing things.
The foundation of Dukhobor belief is the rejection of the temporary authority (clergy, hierarchy, secular government) in favor of the divine spirit and also the Holy Spirit find their divine in each individual plot. Therefore, denied all idea of \u200b\u200bmediation between God and men, which led, in practice, leaving the vast majority of the characteristics of Russian Orthodox churches such as the liturgy, icons, churches, the sacraments, prayers and baptism. Beliefs about heaven and hell if they were integrated into their belief system, though very different from the traditional, so the dujobors buried their dead without ceremony, no prayers, as understood by the things were already decided in the life. On the bull side
rejected the Bible as the ultimate source of inspiration, believing that divine revelation was progressive and continued with the passage of time, apply the texts of Scripture as mere allegory, not as accounts of reality or Christian history. The song played an important role in the culture of the dujobors. So, instead of the written word, used the song to express their history and faith. His repertoire included a formal background in psalms and hymns, called "Live Book" and popular folk songs. Over time, their beliefs about a future heavenly life, filled with a strong utopian and millenarian elements.
pacifism was his main principle defended with any authority a sentence imposed. That's what led them more problems. On the other hand was very responsible and hard working people, so the authorities were facing a dilemma, sometimes some czars decreed persecutions, other times they were banished, as happened in 1799, which were sent to Finland, in other perm them NRTI live in gated communities, remote, not to influence the general population.




<----Pieter Vasilevich Verigin, conocido como Pieter el Señor, lider espiritual en el cual descansan muchas de las costumbres y creencias de los actuales dujobors.










Over time, since 1894 under a different leader, Pieter Verigin, abstained from alcohol and snuff, and later became vegetarians. Shortly time before in 1866, perhaps in part by changes in doctrine and ritual that had begun Pieter Verigin, a split emerged. Some members, including Lukerya brother, the former leader, who died shortly before Verigin having designated as his successor, also added to the separatist Michael Gubanov and Aleksei Zubkov, they advocated a more moderate stance regarding relations with the Russian government, promising to abide by Russian laws, contrary to what was traditionally based on them and their doctrine. In fact, when it established the compulsory military service, Verigin urged its members not to enlist under any circumstances, including military uniforms were burning, indicating their aversion to anything that meant using violence or weapons, while the minority group of dissidents left the decision in each mimebro. That meant the leader's exile to Siberia and the confiscation of land attached to all dujobors Verigin, to give them to the separatists, who were a minority.
Over time, due to persecution by the intolerance of the new czars in the late nineteenth century, were allowed to seek refuge in America, in this case in Canada, where a Mennonite community was going to host. Everything was the result of negotiations made by a famous member supporter of the movement, the famous writer L eon Tolstoy, who had much in common with them, in fact, says one of his books, Resurrection, was written inspiration from these and the money raised from sales were used to cover the cost of moving the dujobors community in Canada. You know also received help from the pacifist Quakers, with whom Tolstoy, also had some connection.

Leo Tolstoy, famous for his book War and Peace, sympathized with the movement of dujobors, to the extent to finance part of its transfer to Canadian soil.

Thus in 1899, dujobors about 7500 settled in Canada in the province of Saskatchewan, eventually leading himself after spending nearly fifteen years in exile, managed to travel there to join theirs, which occurred in 1902. But in the interval when he was exiled, he maintained contact with his followers, so that they could practice an egalitarian system of community property and prohibiting the personal possession of animals and material things. It was striking the return of the animals which had surrendered to Canadian authorities and the community to reject them, cows and other animals camped across the valley. On arrival, he had to move to the interior valleys of British Columbia and prospered there, dedicating livestock, to the extent of a prestige purchase their meat out of the ordinary. Soon economic prosperity, made some began to own land and other possessions, and the very Verigin, adapted its precepts to the new reality.
For this reason, another radical group dujobors called Sons of Liberty, demanded a return to ancient principles of equality and communal sharing of wealth. Since no attention was paid to their requests, they separated, and protested violently against his former colleagues. Soon they forgot their original pacifist principles and then playing the role of "angels of death", as avengers of those deviating from the way they acted violently against his former colleagues.
also enacted a free mind and a utopia of life without laws or government advice, to the extent to processions which took off all clothes and walked naked, men and women, to preach freedom. But at the same time, increasingly acted violently against his fellow rich and began attacking their property, burning houses and farms often other dujobors. Accepted the use of violence, invoking divine advice, and some of the precepts of "the sons of liberty were
- violence is primarily an act dictated by a higher power divine. "She is a sacramental value.
However this contradicts their own songs in which are expressed as follows:
The blood of our brothers, do not shed; Enough of wars and all the destruction; Our goal: to restore the land. Join all brothers and sisters all: Why should we kill in war? Awaken the sleeping vision, And tell why we fought. Why if us are slaves to these extertores, And millions gather in? (Songs of Freedomite Doukhobors 3 "Enough of hate")
Thus, while not consider violence against wars stimulated by national governments or the state militarism, violence against those who consider materialistic or not slaves extertor condemnable. This explains why the authors of many acts that are now considered terrorists, are little affected by the moral or political constraints that may have other terrorists. For them, mass violence is permitted and justified and their targets are clearly defined only those who deserve it and divinely justify this under the protection of the spiritual purity of their community.



called up March of the Sons of Liberty in 1962, used to make gears naked to show their spirit free from materialism.




In 1924, Verigin himself, who had condemned the radicals, was killed in an explosion of a bomb, possibly by the sons of Liberty.
Shortly before the death of Verigin, the Canadian dujobors adopted the name Christian Community of Universal Brotherhood . Over time the ideals of the dujobors, have been diluted and their doctrines have become mere philosophy of life, but far from the religious, have adapted to the Canadian lifestyle and more than 40,000 people dujobors recognizing its roots, only about 8000 profess religious doctrines. It is also known in some isolated communities in the U.S., and Russia about 5000, which reached 30,000. While
called "sons of Liberty" is still shown from time to time, being remarkably striking, certain acts committed by them in the 90's of last century, is known for example the case of two women convicted in 1992 by fire against the property of another Dukhobor. There were naked before the judge and were forced to cover her, then one of them managed to fire the cell where he had been detained. Since then, the control of the authorities has appeased those fans, almost killing them. Even when visiting their villages, peace and tranquility, and kindness and caring treatment of its citizens says little of the violence that supposedly star.

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The Khlysty and Skoptzy: Extreme Christian self-discipline.

At different times, including Christianity, have always been common figure of flagellants, groups, movements or orders that practiced corporal punishment as part of their religiosity. During the Middle Ages were prosecuted and punished those traditions within the Catholic Church, although in time be accepted even frowned upon now are simply are certain rites of folk festivals. In Protestantism, until the time we try, no was common to these extremes, then some radical groups emerge that would otherwise damage as part of their ritual, but in other ways, has never really been part of worship. As for the Orthodox Church from the beginning not tolerate such practices, though it was from among them to emerge one of the largest groups of flagellants and influential.

Khlysty speak of, (in Russian, literally Flail or whip) in the West perhaps completely unknown, but led to an extremist religious group, as flashy and flamboyant as the famous Ranters of England, by mixing punishment bodily alleged unethical practices.
Movement Khlysty actually began in 1631, and was founded by Daniil Filippovich, a devout farmer, a native of Russia's Kostroma province. Little more we know about this peculiar character, who apparently believed the same as Christ said and began to preach a religious system in which its main doctrine was the claim that they could expect to receive the Holy Spirit somehow reincarnated in Christ all those who follow the ritual correctly. Daniil
advocated a vegetarian diet and also by alcohol withdrawal, resigned from the priesthood, as taught by all members to receive communion with God for themselves, without intermediaries. Neither used books, except the Bible and in rare cases, perhaps only to apply certain biblical texts to their customs, one self-flagellation, and interpreted the words of the Apostle Paul when he said the following advice: therefore your members mortified land (Colossians 3:5 ) Or when he said the following about him: ... beat my body and I drive as a slave, so that after preaching to others I myself do not become discouraged. (1 Letter of Paul to the Corinthians 9:27) They understood these words as an invitation to corporal punishment, since being whipped or give yourself lashes purify them of any wrong committed, so they were accused of immoral practices and then whipped and as they get rid of guilt.
They called themselves Men of God were known elsewhere as "Carriers of the Cross", "Brothers of the Cross", possibly because they were carrying out a kind of ritual where they had an imitation of the torments of Christ and in some occasion a member of them was forced to carry a wooden cross-shaped. The group grew rapidly in Russia, particularly after some controversy arose within the Orthodox church, which made many leave the church disillusioned of their intrigues and political ambitions. For just
at the time, in 1650, Patriarch Nikon tried to give the Russian Orthodox Church to expand beyond their nation, meaning that Christianity was not intended to reach only a nation, however great it may be, or under the authority of the state, because he understood that this was or should be above governments, not governments, leading to the church. Follower of the theocracy, wanted to reach its fullest expression in the splendor and demonstration of supremacy through religious rituals, for it is said that under Nikon, the celebrations in the central cathedral became especially pompous and endless.
Its purpose was that the church dominate the state, as happened in other states Orthodox therefore sought the approach to other Orthodox churches, including Greek, went to a group of Greek scholars, to change the liturgical books and forms of religious ceremonial, adapting these to the Greek model. That upset many among them Avvakum Petrova, who aspired to be the next Pope of the Russian Orthodox Church. The way they attacked Avvakum and was exiled, humiliated and mocked, I think an upset among the people and there were many who left the church, that favored the growth and emergence of numerous separatist groups disillusioned with a religious system that was too allied with politics.
Among the groups that took advantage of these situations, attracting many disillusioned are the Moloko, we have dealt with already, the khysty, and subbotniki, or Sabbath-keeping, which are discussed in subsequent chapters. Therefore
between khysty, did not allow church hierarchies, deeming it not a form of theocracy, but a corruption of true Christianity that was more close and personal. The central idea of \u200b\u200btheir ideology lay in Radeniya , rituals in which men and women summoned to corporal punishment. They also had a pillar of his doctrine, the reincarnation of Jesus made continuously, that is, they thought that the death of the Son of God, this is then reincarnated into another person, who in turn should also go through similar suffering, for thus manifesting the permanent salvation of man. They wanted to reincarnate to do go through the same suffering and to transform sin into virtue, however, one of the practices most attention was the fact that believing they were already saved, welcomed all the sins and sinful actions, being very sure that this does not affect them. According to them, God was pleased to demonstrate His power to forgive His creatures, therefore, also believed that he was happy when man sinned. Hence came the accusations of secretly practicing sexual orgies, then whip, something that has not been proven, nor to practice the physical punishment on a regular basis in fact shall be carried out only at certain times of year. What happened is that in those meetings, to celebrate the Radeniya, used to do a circle dance to reach ecstasy and crowding may have incidental and occasional friction, but never scheduled orgies. While it is true that allowed sex between unmarried members, which gave rise to the promiscuity among them, knowing that later they would be forgiven.
also they were accused of celebrating ancient Slavic gods, as Yarilo and Rusalka, which in antiquity was considered the epitome of passion and desire, and who worshiped a god named Domovoi, the tutelary genius. That was not without an interest charge by members of the Church who wanted to these charges the rejection of the people and the state to practice and teach about pagan gods.
At first, Daniil, not even intended to create a new church, as it allowed its members to continue attending the Orthodox churches. The persecutions forced these to be isolated and meet secretly, and at other times to spread even outside Russia, reaching with its usual even France.
A famous member of khlysty was Gregori Rasputin, the Russian mystic with an influence on the final days of the czars, was known as "the Mad Monk and his income in khlysty, possibly in his native Siberia , marked the Siberian prophet for life. Some attribute the notorious sex life in later years was as a result of its entry into the khysty, we talk about relationships with his disciples, visiting room, mostly women of Russian high society. Even attributed to him, the following quote: " should commit more heinous sins, because God will feel a greater pleasure to forgive great sinners ", in clear reference to the ideas of khlysty.
But there is no evidence of such a wanton attitude, it is possible that the reputation of khlysty he attributed such customs, or otherwise, by the attitude of as flashy, womanizing character, he cataloged the communal orgies khlysty to practice in any case the most licentious times, was abandoned after khlysty movement. In fact, after leaving the Khlysty met another called Makariy lit, which exerted an enormous influence on Rasputin. After that, in 1889 married Fyodorovna Praskovia Dubrovin with whom he had three sons: Dmitri, Varvara, and Maria. We know who fathered more offspring with other women. In 1901, he left his native region and became a pilgrim. He spent two years traveling in Slavic lands, Greece and the Holy Land. He learned much from history, esotericism, theosophy, old religions and traditions. In 1903 returns to Russia, where it moves through the streets of St. Petersburg where he is regarded as a prophet, still very popular and busy your questions, it was then that he began to harbor the goal of relating to the royal family.
This mysterious and provocative character, intended to give an appearance of Jesus Christ even came to fame as a healer with prayer, reason and because a friend of the Tsarina call Anna Výrubova in 1905 was called to the palace of the czars to cure the serious illness of her only son Alexis Nikolayevich, who suffered from hemophilia. Thus came into contact with royalty, and always maintained a love-hate relationship, which led to death, but not before done in a group of followers and admirers, especially among females, it passes through the ideology will only khlysty later served to justify their excesses.
doctrinally speaking, khlysty eventually came to reject the worship of images and icons, and radicalize their positions on the liturgy. Thus over time were distancing themselves more and more of the Orthodox Church. Especially when came a split that opened the way for other notable extremist movement. .
A khlysty leader, called Kondrati Selianov, did not see well the degree of morality of some members that justify sin caban provided then whipped.





\u0026lt;-------- Selianov, was born in the district of Oriel, Russia in 1730, being orthodox, was drawn from very young to the faith of the Khysty, but a few years after , differently understood the meaning of Christianity discipline. While I thought that flogging was necessary to purify the spirit and approach God, the apostle mortify or otherwise encouraging its members also had the sense to avoid falling into the degrading practices that members of the body could take and apply strict control so against them. So do not look right to allow free sexual behavior and called for greater self-discipline, which together with the floggings actually lead to purification and closer to God. He also understood that sexuality was the root of all evil, thus preached absolute sexual abstinence, which led him to preach the castration and amputation of elements of sexual attraction. As Origen in the second century, well understood and therefore used its own castration. Before the thirties, it was Selianov gelding, for example to his followers, soon to be separated from the khlysty and formed a separate group, but with similar teachings and some rituals. These were called Skoptzy or eunuchs and soon established certain criteria in respect of castration, for example, men were allowed to bear children before undergoing the so-called bloody baptism, which was amputated when their sexual attributes, which For women, was sometimes in the nipples or cuts or total amputation of the breasts. At the same time, members of the movement noted for their diligence, honesty, and spiritual commitment, which, despite being persecuted and banned in Russia, also raised the admiration of many. Selianov himself was sent to Siberia as punishment, but managed to return to the delight of his followers and astonishment of his pursuers. Even the Tsar Alexander I, was intrigued by the character in question and visited him when he was in St. Petersburg, from that moment, strangely, disappeared and his persecution of the group. To the extent that in his last days of life lived in an Orthodox monastery, under the care and attention of monks. And with that permit concealed, the skopzy came to have up to one hundred thousand members in the early XX. But then on the last of the tsars, Nicholas II, returned to flare up the persecution of minority movements, a number of New York Times in 1910, lists up the news on lawsuits and reprisals against them. The group remained active well into the twentieth century came to a Soviet source in 1929 indicate that about two thousand skoptzy lived in the Soviet Union, especially in the west, many of whom died during the German invasion cruel World War II, they were used as human shields peaceful, too cruel by Stalin. But curiously, after the war, the press spoke of renewed mass mutilation of widows of particular religious group, most likely from the skoptzy, the latest news on voluntary castration in 1951. Then during the harsh Stalinist regime were moved to concentration camps, women and children to distant Siberia, where they used to send the Russian authorities to peace groups. They may have been isolated group in Romania, Moldova and Siberia, but as happened with Khlysty, no news of them since mid-twentieth century. Soviet repression failed with many of these extremist groups that, while looking for some tips applying biblical taken to end the application, without understanding that those councils have more symbolic meaning moral self-control and corporal punishment literal.

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The Molokan: Breaking the bonds of Sandemanians

Priests and vocal group with their costumes and beards typical of Molokan

While the Protestant revolution meant the breakdown of Catholic hegemony in Central European and North , but apparently had little effect on the remote Orthodox Church, divided only by political or territorial. So there were several independent Orthodox churches, with the Greek, Bulgarian and Russian, the most important, but all kept the same line that separated them from Catholics and somehow maintained an ideological cohesion.
But we have said apparently, because in reality, during the time from the sixteenth century Protestant explosion, until the eighteenth century, when outbreaks emerged dissidents within the Orthodox church, in some cases because some Protestant groups sought refuge in Russia, during a time when religious tolerance.
Such was the case of Hutterite Anabaptists, who by the seventeenth century, after becoming nomads chased from one place to another, found refuge in Russia, where under the reign of Catherine II, called Catherine the Great, established a degree of tolerance in religious matters, making them possible to form several communes in Russian lands, as well as the Society of Jesus, while all Europe was dismantled what order, Russia has remained protected, even prospered.
Some of these influences, of course had to do with the resurgence in this period of time, some religious movements that would break the absolute hegemony of the Orthodox Church.
One of the first groups to call attention, became known as the Molokan, or "milk drinkers," a funny name who was a famous religious group that today is a great community in California and New Mexico, best known for the development of fine wines. Other than that, its origins seem lost in the darkness of the times, who said there could even be descendants of the ancient Paulicians, from Armenia. In any case touches clarify these details and know the truth about the real "Spiritual Christians" as they call them.
On the origin of this group is difficult to establish specific date, especially since the name was given about long after its inception. Molokan name actually was appointed by his enemies in 1670 for his opposition to the obligatory fasts imposed by the Orthodox Church, which required fasting to avoid every kind of meat products, dairy products, including fish and other foods. The practice of fasting was imported from the church Catholic, but that over time the Orthodox were adding more periods, until after the Middle Ages, could be counted almost two hundred days of obligatory fasts, today remain more than 100 days per year in different periods or stages of up to 30 days.
Then there was a group that had separated years ago and who opposed the restrictions on eating, they were not supported in scripture. Those who called themselves "Spiritual Christians" began to object to fasting in the early seventeenth century. But it drew attention to the year of 1670, perhaps by suspicions of his adversaries. In some cases since mandatory fasting, had been controlled by the government. Apparently, some of them was drinking milk in the call Lent March 15 to April 3 and that caught the attention of church authorities, who complained to the government and were brutally punished.
Molokan seems that the name given by opponents, was somewhat taken by the Spiritual Christians, to the extent of it his own, as happened with so many religious movements. In this case they justified by the fact that the scriptures speak of milk as a staple, in 1 Peter 2:2 which says, c omo newborn babies, to develop a longing for the unadulterated milk que pertenece a la palabra, para que mediante ella crezcáis a la salvación..., Así, ellos que buscaban el entendimiento y conocimiento bíblico por encima de las tradiciones de los ortodoxos y católicos, entendieron que el nombre molokan, aludía a su amor por el alimento espiritual.
Pero la primera vez que se habla de estos llamados Cristianos espirituales o molokan fue allá durante el reinado de Iván el terrible entre los años 1547-1584, entonces se menciona a un tal Mateo Simón Dalmatov, un humilde obrero bajo las ordenes de un terrateniente, quién empezó a hablar de una nueva fe a su familia, su amo, y a miembros locales de la aldea y alrededor de la ciudad de Tambov. Dalmatov, de alguna manera managed to bring this belief to Moscow, where a group of ethnic immigrants of Mordvianos, who had arrived in Russia from the south, heard his preaching and many accepted the message, even though these sheltering ancient dualistic beliefs about gods faced . Dalmatov
preached a pacifist religion, in which members were forbidden to bear arms and take them, which caused problems, especially for mandatory military service in Tsarist Russia. Therefore succeeded mainly in isolated populations and ethnic groups away from the main cities. They also tended to form communities where the practice of their religion was more easily without leaving yet evangelize in other villages and ethnic groups. You may have contacts with some settlers from Armenia between XVI and XVII century, due to the invasion of the territory by the Ottoman Empire, which tried to Islamize the entire region of Armenia, remember that there still remained small community waste Paulicians, mezlcadas with other minorities, while coexisting with the Armenian Christian churches, more or less thrived or remained in the shelter, but now the situation would change. Especially when Armenia became an integral part of the Ottoman Empire under the reign of Selim II (1524-1574). While the Ottomans were tolerant, women tended to marry Christian convert to Islam. Also apply certain laws giving preference to Muslims, so some chose to seek a new life in other regions, on the other hand, the prosperity that many other Armenian merchants traveled throughout the region, reaching to the Caucasus and settled in central Russia, the Dalmatov her area. It is possible that by this means came to know and then Dalmatov preach these Doct flours as far to the teaching of the Orthodox Church.
The bond that united with the former first Molokan Paulicians was apart of his pacifism, rejection of the doctrine of the Trinity, icons, and the rejection of certain celebrations or festivals were not established in the scriptures. Of course by that time many groups from Western Europe were coming to the area from persecution, including the Hutterites, who perhaps might have some influence, especially as the pacifism and living in communes and rejection infant baptism. Dalmatov
was martyred by Orthodox priests and taken to a prison near Roda monastery, where he apparently died. However, the movement grew in number and established congregations across Russia, Dalmatia, including Armenia.
But the movement has evolved, both in doctrine and forms as I think separatism and factions among them. For example, in the early eighteenth century, there were several breaks between Molokan, especially since discussions began regarding the manifestations of the Holy Spirit, some claimed Molokan receive during their meetings, which were stirred up and breathed gave bounds strong emotion. These became known as Pryguny (which literally means bridge), were also known by divers, dancers and bouncers, for their conduct during the meetings at which said they received the Holy Spirit. In any case with reference to their religious trances, when receiving the Holy Spirit said, was very similar to what is observed in many groups pentescotales today.
Although they were a minority, called much attention from the authorities and were more severely persecuted, often spoke of a revival of zeal which they said was by the Spirit impelled them, so intense that talk about the performance of miracles is well rivaled those of apostolic times. The same took some holy days from the Orthodox Church, as was the Sunday rest, they called Sabatto and meticulously fell short, with reference to this, criticized the change of the celebration of Passover and Sunday as a day of break, in place since the Council of Nicea, which led council considered the beast. Accused the Orthodox and other Christians to change the holidays that God established: with which they hindered the heavenly planets: they changed the heavenly days, the days of rest, established by Moses on Mount Sinai, and instead, establishing their own parties - in the fourth century after the birth of Christ, during his bestial ecumenical council, (Book of the Spirit and Life p. 235 MGR. 2.5) . They interpreted
to be closer to the regulations of the Israel of God which referred to the scriptures, as expressed in his main book base, after the Bible: However, as for us brothers, is a must for us to approach the sealed assembly in the number of the twelve tribes of Israel, which are those who keep the commandments of God and the faith of Jesus, those that are crossed by the Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments. (Book of the Spirit and Life MGR. 2.12)
The largest group among the Molokan Postoyaniye were called, (which stands for Constant, who remain), tried to maintain sobriety in their meetings, avoiding the excesses and typical screaming "Pryguny" and were in principle more, but because of certain circumstances pryguny soon became the majority. The Molokan postoyaniye, adhere to the Old Testament dietary laws accepting Mosaic law, so do not eat pork, shellfish, or other foods "unclean" and are more intimate in their meetings.
On the other hand, Pryguny starting to stir some philosophical arguments that postoyaniye rejected, and added his belief the idea of \u200b\u200bthe Holy Spirit . It may be shocking to hear that expression, but this term refers to the divine substance, with which they felt involved, in fact they began to harbor principles close to Trinitarianism therefore understand that alcohol or substance Holy Ghost was the Holy Spirit , as part of divinity, considered him to act in concert with this and share an essential nature with God the Father and God the Son. Antitrinitarians soon abandoned the precepts of the first Moloko, so you can read the following at some excerpts from the Spirit and the life: the Holy Trinity and the Spirit of our God and His Lamb. ( Book of Spirit and Life MGR 5:13:7) In this one seem to have clear, however, the concept of the doctrine: The Trinity in the spirit of an invisible Deity, ( Book of Spirit and MGR Life 5:14:9) Even today, some still Molokan not clearly expressed with respect to the Trinitarian concept, contrary to earlier Molokan who is clearly rejected any doctrine of post- Nicaea.
Apart from the Bible, there is a letter in which Moloko, in tempted translate their beliefs, was the book that we've taken some quotes: The Book of Spirit and Life, Book written by Maxim Sol Rudometkin, who by the mid-nineteenth century, became the leader of Moloko, linebacker pryguny stream (bridges and jumping), the text formed the basis of all ritual and dogma of the current Moloko. Maxim
Gavrilovich Rudometkin, whose birth date is unknown, some say that may have been born between 1808 to 1818, only knows it came from Algasova, near Tambov Oblast, south of central Russia. As a child, when he was only eight years, his entire family left the Orthodox Church and joined the movement Molokan pryguny. He lived a simple life in a factory crafted carriage wheels, there married a young Moloko, called Maodrea Matvevna, with whom he had three children Ermalie, Alexie and Vassily.
But it was in 1848 shortly after marriage, which was under a vision in which the almighty God and his son told him he should be appointed to govern the people of God on earth during the 1000 years of paradise. Shortly after this
Maxim appealed to all Moloko, also extended the invitation to others the people, all gathered in the church where it is said, saw a vision. In the vision that apparently were all present, a ray of light came down from heaven and came down on Maxim and said that because he had done God's wishes would be given the title of King of Spirits. And during the time that everyone who saw the vision, all jumped in ecstasy, as if possessed, agitated and jumping from side to side. No doubt this incident, whether accurate or not, was picked up by a Russian historian, and marked a before and after in the direction taken by Moloko. According to some records, in 1850 more than half of the Transcaucasian Molokan accepted Maxim Gavrilovich as "the King of Spirits." Some of the titles assigned to Maxim from that time were: King of the Seven Spirits of God and Saints of the New Israeli leader.
While not the first time between Moloko, accepted the presence of prophets among them, is even talk of a boy named Efim G. Klubnikin, who at the age of 12 was surrounded by so-called "Holy Spirit" and drew plans, wrote songs and prayers for the Molokan. In these plans he said that God had chosen the lamb that has similarities with Jesus Christ. These words were also applied to Maxim, which were gradually regarded almost as a superior being. This was so another Molokan writer of the time G. Rudometkin told him: "the writer of this new revelation is a man, by birth a resident of this world, whose name is ULES (King Ures, new Messiah of Judea, or in Russian) An angel clothed in flesh for work Santo alcohol.
Russian authorities began to worry that the growing number Molokan were, in fact the end of the nineteenth century the Caucasus was accounted for over half a million and began to become a challenge to the Orthodox faith. As it happened with the European inquisitions they decided to arrest the leaders of the prygunys and send to prison.
So in September 1858 Maxim was exiled on charges to preach against the Orthodox Church, although he defended himself by claiming that he moved his desire to worship God in Spirit and Truth. Convicted, Molokan leader was taken to the prison Solovetsky Monastery, a dirty and disgusting, but after being seen by the Holy Synod sobreprocurador, Dimitri Tolstoy (writer's family pacifist Leo Tolstoy) and see the conditions in Molokan which the leader was, and seeing their ideas, that man did not deserve a life sentence to which he had been convicted, decided to send him to the monastery in Suzdal, where he would be given humane treatment. It seems according to tradition, it was not, as is said, survived for 9 years in a hole in the ground. And there he died in 1877, although some of his followers believe he was actually ascended to heaven because, as he prophesied, would never die. There are a few who believe that he remains alive to this day and live in the most remote corners of the earth. Maxim
Rudometkin, while he was in prison he wrote his famous work, The Book of Spirit and Life, which was smuggled out by friends and relatives who came to visit, and this paper later became the basis for a relaunch of the faith Molokan. This book is used as a companion to the Bible, known as the Book of alcohol and life. In fact the book is also added the writings of other leaders Molokan. Among this Lukia P. Sokolov (Anikei Ignatievich Borisov), David Yesseyevich (Feodor Osipovich Bulgakov) and the prophet Efim G. Kublikim.
But persecution against minorities in Russia were tightened, the czars took the policy of forced displacement of so-called sectarian, to remote areas and extreme, such as Siberia, the Caucasus, Asia, southern Ukraine and elsewhere in the Russian periphery.
The situation became unsustainable, leading to that for 1900 a 2.000 Molokans especially those pryguny (Bridges and jumpers), went to United States and settled in the area of \u200b\u200bCalifornia, near Los Angeles. Somehow their religious rites and ceremonies, full of thrills and excitement, somehow influenced by Renaissance American named after "the Renaissance Plague costal Azusa Street" in which we attempted a return to the last century. In California were well received by the governor and were given land to devote to the tasks they performed in their communities in Russia. Followed by more waves of Moloko, who came to America in search of freedom, and other communities received a grant of land from the Mexican government being installed in the Valle de Guadalupe in Baja California, Mexico. A smaller group of Molokan postoyaniye escaped from Russia and settled mainly in areas of San Francisco, California and Sacramento.
Meetings Moloko, American communities are still held in Russian, in most cases. Normally the church service is divided into two parts: the first all seated, women and men separately, the highest in the front rows, and some groups of male and female singers, each one in place, while reading the poems, some are sung and shares a religious reading, then the second part consists of prayers and songs, where the other members take part. Later the prophets arise spontaneously, with a message and lighting.
Normally each separate congregation consists of priests, the besedniki or vowels, pevtsy or singers, Skazateli or readers, and sometimes a pomoshchink or assistant priest.
two groups, both Pryguny as Postoyaniye, have similarities with that except that the first place also called Proroki or prophets, among them also have female prophet. And while postoyaniye, simply read from the Bible, pryguny, so do the Book of Spirit and life and other books of prayers.
The work of the priest is not to give sermons, do besedniki thing, they just coordinate the religious service to be conducted according to an established order and made the prayers. Today, some congregations are beginning to use English, as many young people begin to leave the traditional Russian Moloko. Within
do the same church potlucks, in certain celebrations esp ecial where they eat traditional food in Russia.
community Moloko, known by the acronym UMCA, is famous for the production of highly prized wines in California and worldwide fame. Although religiously have been declining, after many forced population movements, the breakdown in Soviet Russia and mixing with other cultures, it is known that the actual number of Molokans in Russia is about approximately 20,000 people. There are also approximately Molokan 200 churches, 150 of them in Russia and Azerbaijan. Approximately 25,000 Molokans living in the United States, of which only about 5,000 are identified as ethnically Molokans, others are members converts among Americans, with most residing in California, Arizona, Oregon, Washington, Montana and Wyoming. There were also shipments of Moloko communities in Alaska and Canada where there is also an important community, more than 1,000 residents of the province of British Colombia and hundreds more in Alberta with their traditional communal way of life remain intact until today.

Christopher Lowell Chris Kattan John Goodman

Orthodox Church: The Search for Methodism

Portrait of John Glas, founder of the Church glassite, better known as Sandemanians

The history of the Reformed Church of Scotland, is closely linked to the John Knox Presbyterian, with the system of popular election of priests what away from the political choice of ministers, common in the Anglican church. For decades, had to face that fact, because often, many kings sought to dominate and put yours in the religious establishment. In the early seventeenth century, King Charles I of England, made attempts to seek the unification of both states and churches, with different results than expected. Attempted introduce a kind of reform based on the known as the Book of Common Order 1637, which was written by a team of Scottish bishops in favor of unification with the Anglicans, and interestingly, despite claiming to be the book to unify religious England and Scotland, was not yet used by the Anglicans. But the insistence of Charles I to conceal the whole affair caused general discontent, as was seen in this system a deceptive method to yield to the Presbyterians in his claim for church-state separation, even to the commitment to appoint bishops. Therefore, in the summer of 1637 when it welcomed the introduction of this book at St. Giles Cathedral in Edinburgh, broke out a wave of riots that spread across Scotland. In early 1638, a large number of Scots joined the Covenanters, who were protesting against the introduction of The Book of Common Order and other innovations that have not previously been tested and approved by independent Parliaments and General Assemblies of the Church Scotland.
In November 1638, having spent twenty years from the date of the last general assembly was held a meeting in Glasgow. It not only declared illegal the Book of Common Order, but also abolished the role of bishops. Thus, the Church of Scotland was established on a purely Presbyterian. Opposition attempts of Charles I of England led to the Wars of the Bishops, but failed to establish religious unity intended. Only decades later accepted the episcopate Scotland after the period of time known as the Restoration and especially after the revolution of 1668, and this also led to widespread discontent, especially in the southwest, where the Presbyterian tradition ran deep.
But the eighteenth century, things had changed, although the Presbyterianism remained the majority religious force in Scotland, however, the relaxation of its leaders had often meant that the state continue teniendo mucho poder e influencia sobre la Iglesia. Por ello surgieron rupturas y grietas internas entre muchos disconformes con la manera de actuar de sus dirigentes.
Uno de los más activos y luchadores por esa causa, fue un ministro presbítero llamado John Glas, quién en 1723, tras un estudio minucioso de la Biblia, formula la pregunta : ¿ Cómo efectúa Cristo el oficio de Rey? Y escribe cartas a varios líderes de su iglesia, donde expone sus tesis contra el envolvimiento de la iglesia en los asuntos políticos y de los políticos en asuntos religiosos.
Si bien era un hombre tranquilo, nada temperamental ni con carácter de líder revolucionario, sin embargo, Glas tenía claro que el primitive Christianity had nothing to do with politics, in fact I was away from all contact with the temporal powers, until the fourth century.
John Glas, born in 1695 in Auchtermuchty, on the advice of Fife, Scotland, was the son of a Presbyterian minister who led the session of their city. He was educated at Kinclaven, Perth's school and later graduated from the University of St. Andrews. And by 1714 he completed his education to become a minister in Edinburgh. So he graduated as a preacher under the supervision of the Minister of Dunkeld and ordered priest in 1719 as minister of the parish of Tealing. There his preaching gained momentum and led a consistory in large congregation.
was following his religious studies, when they began their doubts about the neutrality in political affairs by his church. Especially when reading the words of Jesus, my kingdom is not of this world or the request of Christ himself that his followers were not part of the world, the world understood the powers of the estates. Furthermore
watched how the Christians were divided by their own nations and states, and churches seemed to represent the nations to which they belonged, had become national identities. His study of the Bible led him to conclude that the biblical nation of Israel foreshadowed a spiritual nation composed of citizens from many nationalities and not limited by borders or kingdoms. On the other hand, did not find any text that would authorize the existence of national churches. And he noted that the word Christ United related concerns over a government of all governments and authorities mundane and therefore his church should be addressed only by Christ and not by politicians.
So in 1725, wrote to Francis Archibald, Senior Minister of Guthrie, Forfarshire, to report their aversion to government interference in church and the implementation and use of the Church of Scotland, where Christianity should not be national boundaries. Also questioned the system of choice for priests that was not entirely consistent with the scriptures.
Tealing At the same time, began organizing an alternative group of Christians that his view had to follow the rules already established in the scriptures and could be applicable in every nation. About one hundred people joined their cause, and early on felt the need to preserve the unity between them, so they decided to follow Christ's instructions in verses 15 to 17 of chapter 18 of Matthew to settle any differences that may arise. Then they began to hold weekly meetings in which those who professed the same faith they prayed and received encouragement.
Glas was deposed from the Presbyterian ministry in 1728, for teaching that the Church should not be subject to any league or covenant, and should be governed only by Apostolic doctrine. Since the ministers at that time received a monetary compensation, to be deposed in his duties, meant going economic hardship, but it did not matter as long to see that it fulfilled their desire for a church more in line with the gospel organizationally. After that he worked in Perth for a few years, where he met Robert Sandeman, who married his daughter Catherine and accepted part of his new church, which some called the Church glassite.
Rising attending meetings of various groups, it became necessary to entrust the supervision of responsible men worship. But John Glass, not frowned upon the system of choice, nor that only those who could afford college courses, have the opportunity to become ministers, just for the intellectual capacity, wanted to change the system of choice for priests or pastors. Thus with his closest associates, investigated what the Bible says about it and paid particular attention to what the apostle Paul wrote about it. Noted that both of the letters to Timothy (1 Timothy 3:1-7), as in the Epistle to Titus (Titus 1:5-9.), Giving instructions clear about the requirements to be considered a priest, even a deacon, wanted to implement this system in your church. They noted that in scripture is not from a college education or the need to know Hebrew and Greek, to be a minister. So after prayer and reflection on the guidelines given in the Bible, appointed elders trained men who complied with these requirements.
For those loyal to the Church of Scotland, uneducated men, "born for the loom, needle, or the plow," seeks to understand the Bible and preach his message, "bordered on blasphemy." So in 1733, when Glass and his fellow built their own meeting room in Perth, clergy, judges pressed for municipal expelled, but were unsuccessful, and the movement spread. Soon
Sandeman was making progress in the new church, and began to excel as a leading exponent of Glas's vision on what should be their religion. However, the headquarters of the new church, became Dundee, where Glas came back to stay until his death in 1773. Meanwhile
by the established church was growing and wanted that in all the congregations, in order to maintain the love and the fraternization of its members, often have certain holidays or times of fraternization. So into his church the primitive custom pacis Osculum and every so often time what became known as Kail Kirk , which was a common meal, where he took a kind of broth.
Given the popularity of his work, and they really did not give up the basic teachings of the Church of Scotland majority, in 1739 the General Assembly, without any request from him, removed the sentence of deposition against him, and restored the status of minister of the gospel of Christ, a position without practical functions, they can have no pastor in any church. In fact despite not having in their teaching, nothing objectionable but was never reinstated as minister of the Scottish Presbyterian Church, declaring that he could not be eligible no Presbyterian congregation until he renounces his principles, inconsistent with the constitution of the church.
was not willing to resign and therefore continued its efforts to restore what he believed would be the true church that Christ founded, because he wanted to stick as much as possible to the forms and organization of early Christianity.
The published works attest to his vigorous mind Glas and his great knowledge of the scriptures. Among his works included the reconstruction of the True Discourse of Celsus Against the Christians, which resulted in 1753, this compilation drawn from the Origins response to that allegation, it is a competent and worship. The Testimony of the King of Martyrs who come to his kingdom, was written in 1729, and is a rejection of classical Erasmianism a defense of the spiritual autonomy of a church led by Jesus Christ alone. On the other hand, philosophers often arose even scientists, who sought to reinterpret the Bible in scientific or philosophical concepts, common sense appears in his rejection of the attempt of some of these as John Hutchinson who sought to demonstrate that the Bible provides a complete system physical science. Glas also demonstrated his skills in his biblical scholar Notes on Scripture Texts published in 1747. I also publish a religious song called Christian Songs in 1784. Careful editing of his works was published in Edinburgh in 1761 a total of 4 volumes and again in Perth in 1782 in 5 volumes. Meanwhile
one of its leading proponents, his son Robert Sandeman, made progress in the new church and soon became an influential figure after the death of Glas became leader of the new religion, to the extent that these came to be known not by glassite, but sandeminianos.

Robert Sandeman: Leveraging the work

Robert Sandeman was born in Perth, an April 29, 1718, a fa Milia resources. His father David Sandeman, thought it should be, medical or religious career as a minister of the Church of Scotland, so in 1734 at the age of 16 years, young Sandeman was sent to the University of Edinburgh, where the first two years he studied mathematics, Greek and other languages.
But it was still in Edinburgh, when one day in 1735, heard a sermon of John Glas, in a small room near the university. What he heard made him decide to leave college and join the congregation of Dundee. During this period he learned the trade of a weaver of linen, then returned to Perth and started a family business with his brother William, in 1737. That same year, only 19, he married Catherine, the eldest daughter of John Glas.
At the age of 26, was appointed elder of the congregation glassite of Perth, two years later, in 1746 his wife Catherine dies, childless. But that does not discourage Robert, who now decides to go and embark on their religion places extend beyond Scotland, as it said in a brief autobiography, willingly consented to serve the Lord wherever you touch. Such was the weight of his duties as an old man, who decided to devote himself exclusively to pastoral work.
His theological studies brought him to become an expert theologian from the glassite. This was demonstrated with the extensive discussions and correspondence with other theologians and important writers of his time as James Hervey, who under the influence of Wesley, though not abandoned Anglicanism, had written many things about their ideas Methodists, as Meditations and Contemplations book . Since this book contains many lessons relating to Calvinism, which were increasingly moving away the glassite, wrote a book entitled Letters Theron and Aspacio, which seeks to reveal the unbiblical doctrines of the Calvinists and Methodists. That sparked a wave of criticism, and cross letters, even with John Wesley himself.
Correspondence Sandeman, kept with other important Anglican ministers, and Presbyterians, soon made some, like Samuel Pike, William Cudworth, John Barnard and Benjamin Ingham, join the cause and thus was formed the first congregation outside glassite Scotland. In fact in London and other places where congregations were formed, they became known as sandeminianos, and that name prevailed over that of the originator. Not so in America, where in 1764 he traveled Sandeman and was there several congregations in Danbury, Connecticut. And there was established until his death in 1771.
The sandeminianos, came to the fore, for strict neutrality and absolute separation of political powers, or even did not accept public office, or work as officials in some governments, since it required oaths on behalf of the nation. They only recognized the Kingdom of God and government. This attitude earned them public censure and criticism from the Anglican clergy, fearful of seeing a minority group left them exposed. However, neither Glas, Sandeman and delved into deep doctrinal issues, like the Trinity, the soul, Hell and others, however if you took a clear position regarding the much-discussed faith and salvation by default, accept Arminianism as Nearest doctrine scripture as they understood. Sandeman also proposed establishing a unified religion for all congregations, it was against the idea of \u200b\u200bQuakers and Congregationalists, on freedom of interpretation of the Bible, according to him, this should be understood in the same way by all members church and should be a point of unity and not separation. Basically the credo sandeminaino consisted of the following major provisions:
- There is no authorization in the New Testament for a national church "The magistrate as such has no role in the church -national agreements are not biblical land -La Reforma true can not be done with political weapons and secular, only the word and spirit of Christ. -judge it absolutely necessary to avoid the spirit and the conduct of the Pharisees of old, not making a list of sins and duties that of Scripture or invalidating the divine precepts with human traditions logical or evasion. "They tried to take the foot
certain provisions of the apostolic letter and especially those who had to do with the first council, recorded in the Acts of the Apostles, so were careful to reject foods containing blood and meat of strangled animals not bled . John Glass argued about this, arguing that the God's people were obliged to obey the restriction on blood, as well as our first parents were obliged to obey the divine prohibition of eating from the tree of knowledge of good and evil. Disobey the mandate concerning the blood equivalent to rejecting the proper use of the blood of Christ, namely, the atonement of sin. Glass concluded: " The prohibition against eating blood always was, and remains, of utmost importance ."
As understood by the ancient Waldenses rejected oaths also gambling and playing for money or accumulate wealth, it was very frowned upon among the sandeminianos. Even in times of need, practiced community of goods within the congregation, to deal with those who suffered a need. Like the Anabaptists, they applied the expulsion of members who did not practice or teach according to the group. Refuse to participate in common prayer with members of other denominations and eat and drink with an expelled person is to participate in a sinner.
certain customs were established to maintain the unity of the members, among other things, certain parties, called parties of Love, fellowship meals, practicing the ceremonial washing of feet. The holy kiss that gave every member recently accepted into the church. They were often criticized, even accused of promoting partying. In that sense they responded with scriptures, for example, in entertainment sought guidance in the instructions of Christ. "We dare not make laws where Christ has done, or overlook any that he has given us. Therefore, as we did not find any passage that prohibits the fun, whether public or private, lawful consider all entertainment, provided and when not related to real circumstances sinful. "
Each congregation is led by several seniors, unpaid, who are elected by their seriousness and sincerity of conviction, and they maintain the position for life, unless for some reason leave to meet principles or requirements. Although
tried to witness to anyone who approached their church, however, preaching as such was only part of the work of elders, not that it was the responsibility of every member.
Sandeman Despite a desire to maintain the unity of thought, there was some independence between the different congregations, due in part after the death of this, there was no head or leader to lead the work properly. No members are prepared to maintain a government over the congregations, who in imitation of the Congregationalists, were independent of each other, united only by the teachings, but this did not prevent emerged some divisions. For example, in 1808 some prominent members of the movement in Scotland, including three brothers: James, Alexander and Robert Handal, through their own Bible study, became convinced that baptism should be by immersion and only for believers therefore approached the English Baptists. The group was called "old Scottish Baptists, who along with other Baptist denominations in 1869 formed the Baptist Union of Scotland. Some churches in America eventually joined the Congregationalists and Baptists.

A Sandemanians held

Sandemanians
A famous was Michael Faraday, scientific discoverer electromagnetic induction, which has allowed the construction of generators and electric motors, and the laws of electrolysis, and it is considered the discoverer of electromagnetism and electrochemistry. He excelled in establishing laws that meet certain elements to store electrical energy, contributing to their findings the basis for the development of power capacitors and batteries. In fact, it is called Farad (F), in honor of Michael Faraday, a unit of electrical capacity. However
also noted for being a fervent sandeminiano, this religious influence was important for the scientist Michael Faraday and the later developed theories that were much re nte influenced by the belief in the unity of the world.
sandeminianos learned that stood apart from those who did not practice biblical teachings, so he was careful in choosing friends. For example, refused to participate in the weddings held by the Anglican Church, preferring to limit their own legal procedures strictly necessary. Even when it was considered a famous scientist and despite the honors, the trimmings and the high regard in which he was subjected by his breakthroughs, Faraday led a simple life. At the burial of celebrities, expected attendance of the leading figures of public life, Faraday was conspicuous by its absence, because his conscience prevented him from attending the funeral of the Anglican Church and participate.
As read in a biography he says the following: The most distinguished of many other scientists Faraday was his desire to learn as much of the book inspired by God as the book of nature. "The Sandemanians led him to discover how to live in obedience to the moral law of God with the promise of eternal life science brought him into close contact with the physical laws that God chose them to rule the universe." Faraday argued that "science could not undermine the absolute authority Bible, but exercised in a truly Christian, science could illuminate the other book of God. " (Michael Faraday: Scientist and Sandemanian - Geoffry Cantor)
Another effect of his religious ideas was the fact that Faraday declined to accept many who wanted to give honorary degrees. He always showed disinterest in receiving a knighthood because he wanted to call him "Mr. Faraday simply." She devoted much time to their old activities, which included travel regularly from London to a village Norfolk County to serve a small group of fellow.
Unfortunately, the church advocated by Faraday, not last much, in America during the Civil War, many sandeminianos died victims of their own neutrality, others were segregated and uprooted from their land and their congregations were scattered. His religious enemies continued to revile and accusing the group of practicing Christianity in a sense, but only with the mind. Especially since it was said gave more importance to know about the rules and implement the teachings of Jesus, to love Christ himself. Also they saw Christianity as a formal way of bringing life, but not as a movement of faith. True or not, the case is that they were such as unity and cordiality among its members, in addition to carrying pacifism practical way.
The movement initiated by Glas and Sandeman, never very numerous, probably not reach more than twenty or thirty congregations in Britain and the colonies of America. But his ideas exerted a major influence on similar movements.
One reason for the disappearance of sandeminianos, it was mainly because they gave little emphasis to the preparation of the elderly in the work of directing and teaching in the Church properly. There was no organization to lead the way forward and maintain connections to the congregations and they went away from each other.
The last of the Sandemanians churches in America ceased to exist in 1890. Home London prayer finally closed in 1984, when he had decades of neglect. The last elder of the Church died in Edinburgh in 1999. In a final modeled the missing nearly schwenkdeldianos.